THE HISTORY OF THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN JAMAICA: THE UNITED THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE OF THE WEST INDIES AND ITS FOUR ANTECEDENT COLLEGES (1841-1966) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad tot doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. H.O. Voorma ingevolge het besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 1 september 1998 des voormiddags te 10.30 uur door Edmund Davis geboren op 8 april 1939 te St. Catherine, Jamaica Promotor: Prof. Dr. J. A. B. Jongeneel CONTENTS Preface Abbreviations I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Stating the problem 1.2 Rationale for the Study 1.3 Methods used in the Study 1.3.1 Historical Approach 1.3.2 Systematic Approach 1.3.3 Comparative Approach 1.4 Structure of the Study 1.5 Sources of the Study 1.5.1 Primary Sources 1.5.2 Secondary Sources 1.5.3 General Literature Part I. Jamaica, Its Churches and Indigenous Leaders II. THE GENERAL HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK 15 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Tainos Settlement (1494-1509) 2.3 Spanish Possession (1509-1655) 2.4 British Rule (1655-1962) 2.4.1 Conquest and Conflict (1655-1760) 2.4.2 Consolidation and Expansion (1760-1838) 2.4.3 Accommodation and Challenges (1838-1903) 2.4.4 The Transformation from Paternalism to Autonomy (1903- 1962) 2.5 Independent Nation (1962) 2.6 Educational Developments before and after Independence (1962) 2.6.1 Educational Developments during the Spanish Occupation (1509-1655) 2.6.2 Educational Developments during British Rule (1655-1962) 2.6.3 Educational Developments after Independence (1962) 2.7 Conclusion III. THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF FOUR JAMAICAN PROTESTANT CHURCHES 37 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Church of England in Jamaica (1655-1966) 3.2.1 The Arrival of the first English Chaplains (1655) 3.2.2 The Creation of the Diocese of Jamaica (1824) 3.2.3 Post-Emancipation Mission (1838-1870) 3.2.4 The Disestablishment of the Church (1870-1966) 3.2.5 Educational Missions 3.3 The Baptist Church (1783-1966) 3.3.1 The Genesis of the Baptist Missionary Work (1783) 3.3.2 The Formation of the Jamaica Baptist Union (1849) 3.3.3 Post-Emancipation Mission (1849-1966) 3.3.4 Educational Missions 3.4 The Methodist Church (1789-1966) 3.4.1 The Arrival of Thomas Coke (1789) 3.4.2 The Establishment of Societies (1789-1838) 3.4.3 Post-Emancipation Mission (1838-1966) 3.4.4 Educational Missions 3.5 The Presbyterian Church (1823-1966) 3.5.1 The Advent of the Scottish Missionaries (1823) 3.5.2 The Uniting of Two Missions (1849) 3.5.3 Post-Emancipation Mission (1849-1966) 3.5.4 Educational Missions 3.6 Conclusion IV. FOUR INDIGENOUS LEADERS 73 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Aemilius A. Barclay (1876-1926) 4.2.1 Biographical Sketch 4.2.2 Ecclesiastical Involvement 4.2.3 Educational Endeavours 4.3 Percival W. Gibson (1893-1970) 4.3.1 Biographical Sketch 4.3.2 Ecclesiastical Involvement 4.3.3 Educational Endeavours 4.4 Menzie E. W. Sawyers (1905-1980) 4.4.1 Biographical Sketch 4.4.2 Ecclesiastical Involvement 4.4.3 Educational Endeavours 4.5 Hugh B. Sherlock (1905-...) 4.5.1 Biographical Sketch 4.5.2 Ecclesiastical Involvement 4.5.3 Educational Endeavours 4.6 Conclusion Part II. Theological Education in Jamaica V. PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION (1841-1966) 92 5.1 Introduction 5.2 History of the Location 5.3 The Staff 5.4 The Students 5.5 The Curriculum 5.6 The Spirituality 5.7 The Relationships 5.7.1 The Relationship with the Churches 5.7.2 The Relationship with other Colleges 5.8 Conclusion VI. BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION (1843-1966) 113 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History of the Location 6.3 The Staff 6.4 The Students 6.5 The Curriculum 6.6 The Spirituality 6.7 The Relationships 6.7.1 The Relationship with the Churches 6.7.2 The Relationship with other Colleges 6.8 Conclusion VII. ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION (1858-1966) 131 7.1 Introduction 7.2 History of the Location 7.3 The Staff 7.4 The Students 7.5 The Curriculum 7.6 The Spirituality 7.7 The Relationships 7.7.1 The Relationship with the Churches 7.7.2 The Relationship with other Colleges 7.8 Conclusion VIII. METHODIST THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION (1875-1966) 152 8.1 Introduction 8.2 History of the Location 8.3 The Staff 8.4 The Students 8.5 The Curriculum 8.6 The Spirituality 8.7 The Relationships 8.7.1 The Relationship with the Churches 8.7.2 The Relationship with other Colleges 8.8 Conclusion IX. THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE UNITED THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE OF THE WEST INDIES (1966) 165 9.1 Introduction 9.2 History of the Location 9.3 The Staff 9.4 The Students 9.5 The Curriculum 9.6 The Spirituality 9.7 The Relationships 9.7.1 The Relationship with the Churches 9.7.2 The Relationship with other Academic and Theological Institutions 9.8 Conclusion X. CONCLUSION: UNITED THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE OF THE WEST INDIES - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 177 10.1 Retrospection (1841-1966) 10.2 The Present Situation 10.3 Future Training for Ministry APPENDICES 186 1 Population of Jamaica (1844-1966) 2 Denominational Membership (1844-1881) 3 Percentages of Church Affiliation (1943-1966) 4 Tables of Years and Locations 4.1 Presbyterian Theological Colleges (1841-1966) 4.2 Baptist Theological Colleges (1843-1966) 4.3 Anglican Theological Colleges (1858-1966) 4.4 Methodist Theological Colleges (1875-1966) 4.5 The United Theological College of the West Indies (1966) 5 Data regarding the United Theological College of the West Indies 5.1 The Constitution (1966) 5.2 Percentage of Student Body by Territories (1966) 5.3 Percentages of Student Body by Communions (1966) 5.4 Staff, Nationalities and Denominations (1966) BIBLIOGRAPHY 196 1 Primary Sources 1.1 Jamaica Archives (Spanish Town) 1.1.1 Presbyterian Theological Institutions 1.1.2 Baptist Theological Institutions 1.1.3 Anglican Theological Institutions 1.1.4 Methodist Theological Institutions 1.2 National Library of Jamaica (Kingston) 1.2.1 Presbyterian Theological Institutions 1.2.2 Baptist Theological Institutions 1.2.3 Anglican Theological Institutions 1.2.4 Methodist Theological Institutions 1.3 Denominational Archives 1.3.1 Presbyterian Theological Institutions 1.3.2 Baptist Theological Institutions 1.3.3 Anglican Theological Institutions 1.3.4 Methodist Theological Institutions 1.4 Ecumenical Materials: United Theological College of the West Indies 2 Secondary Sources 3 General Literature Index Summary in Dutch Curriculum Vitae ABBREVIATIONS AC - Anglican Communion CADEC - Christian Action for Development and Education in the Caribbean CCC - Caribbean Conference of Churches CMS - Church Missionary Society CO - Colonial Office ECLOF - Ecumenical Church Loan Fund ed. - edition/editor IAMS - International Association of Mission Studies ISCPK - Indian Society for Christian Propagation of Knowledge JA - Jamaica MS/MSS - Manuscript/Manuscripts n.d. - no date of publication given or known n.p. - no place of publication, or no publisher, given or known SPCK - Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge SPG - Society for the Propagation of the Gospel UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation USPG - United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel UTCWI - United Theological College of the West Indies UWI - University of the West Indies vol./vols. - volume/volumes WCC - World Council of Churches WI - West Indies WMMS - Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society YMCA - Young Men's Christian Association PREFACE In 1977, I researched the development of theological education in the Anglican Church in Jamaica (1858-1970). Since then there has been a compelling urge to write a dissertation on the history of theological education in Jamaica, with reference to the four denominational colleges which merged into the United Theological College of the West Indies (1841-1966). In 1996, I met Dr. Jan A. B. Jongeneel at the ninth conference of the International Association of Mission Studies which was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In a taxi to the airport after the conference, we discussed and decided to do this study. The preparation of this manuscript has been facilitated by the support received from many persons and institutions. Special appreciation is due Dr. Jan A. B. Jongeneel, Professor of Missions in the Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid, Universiteit Utrecht, who was most gracious in consenting to serve as advisor and rendered me invaluable service by his prudent counsel, helpful suggestions and professional guidance. He made it possible for me to make this submission on the history of missions. A debt of gratitude is owed to the staff of the Jamaica Archives, the National Library of Jamaica, the library of the University of the West Indies, the archives of the Anglican, Baptist, Methodist and United Church of Jamaica and Grand Cayman as well as the library of the United Theological College of the West Indies for their patience and courtesy in spite of many requests. Sincere thanks are due the Rt. Rev. the Hon. Dr. Neville de Souza, Bishop of Jamaica for granting me leave from the Diocese to pursue this study. Expressions of gratitude are also due Dr. Howard Gregory, President of the United Theological College of the West Indies and Dr. Ambrose Finlay, Dean of Studies of the college for providing me with useful information and prudent advice. To the translator of the Summary of the thesis in Dutch and to the foundations which sponsored the publication of my dissertation, I am deeply grateful. I have to mention the assistance received from Mr. T. O. B. Goldson and Mrs.