Tsleil-Waututh Nation’s History, Culture and Aboriginal Interests in Eastern Burrard Inlet (Redacted Version) Prepared for Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP 1 First Canadian Place 100 King Street, Suite 1600 Toronto, Ontario M5X 1G5 Prepared by Jesse Morin, PhD May 25, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Scope of Work ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Statement of Qualifications .................................................................................. 16 2.3 Certificate of Expert’s Duty ................................................................................. 19 3.0 THE TSLEIL-WAUTUTH HISTORICALLY AND TODAY ....................................... 20 3.1 Tsleil-Waututh, A Central Coast Salish First Nation ........................................... 21 3.2 Pre-Contact Coast Salish Societies at a Glance ................................................... 22 3.2.1 Coast Salish Identities, Territoriality and History ................................... 24 3.2.2 Coast Salish Kinship, Ownership, and Non-Local Resource Rights ....... 30 3.2.3 Coast Salish Leadership—Si?εm and Potlatching ................................... 35 3.3 The Tsleil-Waututh Historically and Today ........................................................ 36 3.3.1 Tsleil-Waututh Oral Histories—From Creation ...................................... 42 3.3.2 Tsleil-Waututh Oral Histories—From Creation to Contact ..................... 45 3.3.3 More Recent Tsleil-Waututh Oral Histories ............................................ 54 3.3.4 Ancestral Tsleil-Waututh Villages ........................................................... 60 3.3.5 Oral History Evidence Summary ............................................................. 66 3.4 Tsleil-Waututh’s Language .................................................................................. 67 3.5 Tsleil-Waututh’s Genealogy ................................................................................ 70 3.6 Tsleil-Waututh’s Place Names ............................................................................. 74 3.6.1 Description of Tsleil-Waututh Place Names ............................................ 80 3.7 Tsleil-Waututh Resource Ownership/Land Tenure ............................................. 86 3.7.1 A Collective Territorial Interest ............................................................... 87 3.7.2 Village Tracts ........................................................................................... 90 3.7.3 Lineage-Owned Resource Patches ........................................................... 92 3.8 Accessing Resources Outside of Tsleil-Waututh Territory ................................. 94 3.9 Pre-Contact Tsleil-Waututh Leadership .............................................................. 95 3.10 The Archaeological Record ................................................................................. 98 3.10.1 Distinctive Archaeological Attributes .................................................... 101 3.10.2 Summary of Distinctive Archaeological Traits ..................................... 121 3.11 Historical Record ............................................................................................... 121 3.11.1 Contact ................................................................................................... 125 3.12 Tsleil-Waututh’s Relationship to Other Coast Salish Groups in AD 1846 ....... 153 3.12.1 Squamish ................................................................................................ 153 3.12.2 Sto:lo ...................................................................................................... 170 3.12.3 Musqueam .............................................................................................. 170 3.13 Continuity Between Historic and Current Tsleil-Waututh Use and Occupation of Eastern Burrard Inlet .................................................................. 173 3.13.1 Modern Communities ............................................................................ 174 3.13.2 Oral Histories ......................................................................................... 174 3.13.3 Tsleil-Waututh’s Genealogy .................................................................. 174 -i- TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 3.13.4 Language and Place Names ................................................................... 177 3.13.5 The Archaeological Record ................................................................... 177 3.13.6 The Historical Record ............................................................................ 177 3.13.7 The Ethnographic Record ...................................................................... 178 3.13.8 Traditional and Modern Tsleil-Waututh Governance ............................ 179 3.13.9 Summary of Continuity.......................................................................... 180 3.14 Who Are the Tsleil-Waututh? ............................................................................ 180 4.0 TSLEIL-WAUTUTH LAND USE AND OCCUPATION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................. 182 4.1 Introduction to Tsleil-Waututh Land Use and Occupancy of the Study Area .................................................................................................................... 188 4.2 Archaeological Villages ..................................................................................... 189 4.2.1 DhRr 6/Belcarra Park/Tum-tumay-whueton .......................................... 194 4.2.2 DhRr 15 and 20/IR No.3/Sleil-Waututh ................................................ 198 4.2.3 DhRr 8/Cates Park/Whey-ah-wichen ..................................................... 205 4.2.4 DhRr 18/Strathcona Park/Say-umiton ................................................... 210 4.2.5 DhRr 17/Caraholly Point ....................................................................... 213 4.2.6 DhRq 1/Noon’s Creek/Say-mah-mit ..................................................... 214 4.2.7 DhRr 369, 373 and 16/Reed Point ......................................................... 216 4.2.8 DiRr 18/IR 4 and 4a/Inlailawatash ........................................................ 219 4.2.9 Summary of Archaeological Villages .................................................... 221 4.3 Tsleil-Waututh Food-Getting Technology ......................................................... 224 4.4 Canoes ................................................................................................................ 226 4.5 Trails .................................................................................................................. 228 4.6 The Historical Context of AD 1846 ................................................................... 233 4.7 Areas of Intensive and Regular Use Around Tsleil-Waututh Village Sites ....... 235 4.7.1 Defining Daily Foraging Radii—Calculating Least Cost Catchments ............................................................................................. 237 4.8 Tsleil-Waututh Landscape/Seascape Use Within the Study Area: The Scope of Regularly Intensively Used Areas ...................................................... 243 4.8.1 Tum-tumay-whueton.............................................................................. 246 4.8.2 Sleil-Waututh ......................................................................................... 259 4.8.3 Whey-ah-wichen .................................................................................... 270 4.8.4 Reed Point .............................................................................................. 275 4.8.5 Inlailawatash .......................................................................................... 278 4.8.6 Other Tsleil-Waututh Villages Possibly Occupied at AD 1846 ............ 281 4.8.7 Village Summary ................................................................................... 289 4.8.8 Resource Harvesting Sites in the Study Area ........................................ 292 4.8.9 Spiritual Training Sites .......................................................................... 294 4.9 The Tsleil-Waututh Seasonal Round ................................................................. 294 4.9.1 Villages at AD 1846............................................................................... 295 4.9.2 Spring Villages and Landscape/Seascape Use ....................................... 298 -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 4.9.3 Summer Villages and Landscape/Seascape Use .................................... 301 4.9.4 Fall Villages and Landscape/Seascape Use ........................................... 310 4.9.5 Winter Villages and Landscape/Seascape Use ...................................... 313 4.9.6 Summary of Tsleil-Waututh Seasonal Round ........................................ 316 4.10 Summary of Tsleil-Waututh Landscape/Seascape Use and Occupancy Prior to and as of AD 1846 ................................................................................ 316 4.11 Exclusivity of Occupation up to and as of AD 1846 ........................................