T O U R I S M & S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T EDITED BY EUGENIA WICKENS ALI BAKIR VASILIKI AVGELI TOURISM AND SUSTAIABLE DEVELOPMENT Kathmandu, Nepal, 16–18 May 2018 A CONFERENCE JOINTLY ORGANISED BY: CONTENTS Editors’ Preface Keynote Abstracts Papers /Abstracts (in Alphabetical Order) List of Contributors Scientific Committee Co-Chairs Professor Eugenia Wickens, UK Professor Ali Bakir, UK Dr Vasiliki Avgeli, Crete Prof Ramesh Raj Kunwar, Nepal Dr Elham Alshaibani Bucks New University Sebastian Amrhein Rheine-Waal University, Germany Dr Alexandros Apostolakis TEI of Crete, Greece Prof Tom Baum University of Strathclyde Business Scholl, UK Ass Prof. Karla Boluk University of Waterloo, Canada Dr Krzysztof Celuch Warsaw School of Tourism & Hospitality Management, Poland Dr Mary Constantogou Hellenic Open University, Greece Dr Mustafa Daskin Sinop University, Turkey Dr Irini Dimou TEI of Crete, Greece Prof Larry Dwyer University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Dr Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar Mauritius Institute of Education Prof. Azilah Kasim UUM, Malaysia Dr Maria Konstantaki Bucks New University, UK Ass Prof. Christina Koutra NYIT, Abu Dhabi Prof Hongbo Li Huaqiao University, China Dr Pedro Longart Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE Prof. Korstanje Maximiliano University of Palermo, Argentina Dr Argiro Moudatsou TEI of Crete, Greece Prof Ghazali Musa Universiti Malaya, Malaysia Prof Marina Novelli University of Brighton, UK Prof Gyan Nyaupane Arizona State University, USA Prof. Jovan Popesku Singidunum University, Serbia Dr Ellen Quirke University of Brunel, UK Prof. Ujjwal Satyal NATHM Academy, Nepal Dr Wendy Sealy University of Chichester, UK Dr Anukrati Sharma University of Kota, India Prof David Simmons Lincoln University, New Zealand Prof Tej Vir Singh Centre of Tourism Research & Development, Lucknow, India Prof. Marios Soteriades University of South Africa Dr Amitabh Upadhya Skyline University College, UAE Dr George Xanthos TEI of Crete, Greece Editors’ Preface The ‘Tourism and Sustainable Development’ conference was held at the Annapurna Hotel, Kathmandu, Nepal, 16-18 May 2018. It was hosted by Bucks New University, TEI Crete, Nepal Tourism Board, and was in partnership with several Nepali institutions and universities from Malaysia, Europe, and South Africa. The conference’s cocktail reception on the evening of 16 May and the delegates’ welcome packs were kindly sponsored by the Nepal Tourism Board (NTB). We are deeply grateful to the support of Mr Deepak Joshi, CEO of NTB and his assistant Srijana Nepali for organising it. Our partners at Nepal Mountain Academy, IST College, Janaprya Multiple Campus, AITM College, NATHM College and NCTTM College provided us with volunteers to help with the management of the conference. On behalf of the Organising Committee we would like to express our gratitude to our partners, members of the Organising and Scientific Committee, and the reviewers who have worked hard to ensure the quality of the submitted papers. The conference offered paper sessions, panel discussions and keynote addresses, by distinguished scholars, Professor David Simmons from Lincoln University, New Zealand; Professor Ghazali Musa from Universiti Malaya, Malaysia, and Dr Wendy Sealy from Chichester University, UK. On behalf of the Organising and Scientific committees we would like to express our gratitude to our keynote speakers and panel participants for their valuable contributions to this conference. The theme of ‘Tourism & Sustainable Development’ was chosen because it recognises the growing interest amongst academics, policy-makers, and industry practitioners, in this important and rapidly developing subject area. The conference’s main aim was to provide a forum for discussing the latest issues and suggest solutions and strategies in the management of sustainable tourism in an era of climate change. The level of conference attendance was indeed impressive, which speaks of the importance of the topics presented and discussed. Participants presented papers from the perspective of theory and practice on the following related themes: • Sustainable Development • Planning & Policy • Impacts • Marketing & Demand The Conference Proceedings comprise the contributions made by delegates from Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Vietnam, and several European countries. Given that there has been only minor editorial intervention, the papers and abstracts published in this Conference Proceedings remains largely the work of the contributors. We would like to thank all contributors; without your interest in issues concerning tourism and sustainability, the conference would not have taken place and would not have been so enjoyable and successful. We sincerely hope that you have enjoyed the conference and that you will join us in expressing our thanks to the people of Nepal for their warm hospitality. Prof Eugenia Wickens, UK Dr Ali Bakir, UK Dr Vasiliki Avgeli, UK Conference Organising Committee 3 Keynote Abstracts Adventure Tourism Ghazali MUSA Universiti Malaya, Malaysia Abstract Adventure tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism market segments in the tourism industry, increasing more markedly than mass tourism. UNWTO defines adventure tourism as any trip which includes at least two of three elements, i.e., physical activity, natural environment and cultural immersion. Based on a literature review, elements of adventure tourism almost constantly emphasise risk perception and outcome uncertainty. Depending on the types of adventure, tourists may require adequate mastery of relevant skills and use of certain equipment. For this reason, adventure tourism may be defined as a trip that includes at least two of three elements, i.e., physical activity, natural environment and cultural immersion. In addition, the activity undertaken should have elements of risk and uncertain outcomes and may require certain skill competency and equipment/transportation. Researchers often divide adventure tourism into ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ adventure. However, when providing examples of this categorisation, inconsistencies are apparent. It is therefore proposed that adventure tourism be divided into three types: ‘soft’, ‘medium’ and ‘hard’ adventure, based on the degree of involvement of the adventure tourism dimensions - physical activity, natural environment, cultural immersion, risk perception, uncertain outcomes, skills and equipment requirements. Among the challenges of adventure tourism are the management of risk and uncertain outcomes, the involvement of relatively younger and less experienced tourists, and the management of sustainable tourism. Among the opportunities of adventure tourism are technology facilitated accessibility and safety, the development of core skills, facilitating and augmenting adventure tourism products and services, and financial business. Management of adventure tourism relates to its challenges which are the management of risk and uncertainty in outcomes, safety and security, and the management of sustainable tourism. Profile: Professor Ghazali Musa graduated with a medical degree from University of Malaya in 1991. He worked as a medical doctor for five years in Malaysia and received training in orthopedic rehabilitation in Singapore and the Netherlands. In 1997, he resigned from the medical profession to study Tourism at the University of Otago, New Zealand. He graduated with distinction in 1999 and was offered a PhD scholarship by the University. His diploma thesis examined scuba diving satisfaction in Sipadan Island. Ghazali completed his PhD study in 2002, with the thesis titled the health consequences of travel in high altitude environments: case studies of Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) and Tibet (China). He was a part-time lecturer at Otago University in 2002, and at University Malaya and Taylor’s University in Malaysia in 2003. In 2004, he started his current tourism career as a full-time lecturer at University Malaya. He became a full professor in 2012 and is currently the head for Business Strategy and Policy Department at the University Malaya. He has over 100 publications, which include 8 books, 18 book chapters and 50 refereed journal articles. 10 of his journal publications are in Tourism Management. Ghazali has supervised to completion 8 PhD students. Among his research areas are scuba diving tourism, mountaineering tourism, medical tourism and second home tourism. He is on the editorial boards of several international tourism journals, including Current Issues in Tourism, Annals of Leisure Research, International Journal of Tourism Cities, Asian Journal of Business and Accountancy, Current Issues in Asian Tourism, and International Journal of Tourism Science. Ghazali has a passion for travelling and has travelled to over 100 countries. Among his greatest interests are swimming, scuba diving and mountaineering. 4 Tourism and Sustainable Development: A View into Nepal David SIMMONS Lincoln University, New Zealand Abstract This keynote will examine Nepal’s progress to sustainable development through tourism. It commences with a commentary on ‘why develop tourism?’ – What are its goals and purposes, and who are the beneficiaries? For Nepal, one of the UN ‘Least Developed Countries’ tourism has a particular role to play in supporting directly improvements in its development status: economic prosperity in particular. Elsewhere, the UN has spelt out a universal set of global development goals.