Planning and Implementing Local Infrastructure Works Guidelines for Tambon Administrations International Labour Organization Copyright @ International Labour Organization 2004 First published 2004 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorisation, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-12ll Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. 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Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] For further information: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Thailand CTP 168 Planning and Implementing Local Infrastructure Works Guidelines for Tambon Administrations Table of Contents Chapter 1 Tambon Administrative Offices 9 The Tambon Administrative Organisation and Planning 10 The Tambon Administrative Organisation and Project Implementation 11 Chapter 2 Local Level Planning 15 What is Accessibility? 15 Integrated Rural Accessibility Planning 17 T1 Situation Analysis 19 Data-collection, Encoding and Processing 20 Accessibility Data Base Book 23 Accessibility Indicators 23 Accessibility Profiles 25 Mapping 26 Rural Infrastructure Assessment 28 T2 Prioritisation and Selection 29 T3 Identification and Formulation 32 Identification of Interventions 32 Formulation of a Project Proposal 35 Participation and Consultation 36 Epilogue 37 Chapter 3 Labour Based Technology 39 Choice of Technology 39 Preparation of Infrastructure Projects 42 Survey Current Site Conditions 43 Select Design Standards 45 Define Key Operations 46 Calculating Task Rates 46 Calculate Unit Costs 46 Select Construction Method 47 Calculation of Quantities 49 Prepare Work Schedule 50 Estimating Total Cost 50 Assessment of Results 51 Project Implementation 53 Obtain Permissions 54 Procure Materials 54 Recruit Workers 55 Organising Works 56 An Example of Labour Based Road Construction 57 Survey and Setting Out Road Alignment 57 Site Clearing 58 Earthworks 58 Structures 59 Drainage Systems 59 Gravelling 60 Epilogue 61 Annexes Annex 1: Subdivision of Operation and Activities 63 Annex 2: Recommended Labour Productivity Rates 67 6 Chapter 1 Introduction These guidelines have been prepared for the engineers and techni- cians in the Tambon Administrative Organisations. These guidelines deal with the practical day to day activities of the engineers and technicians who are involved in the development and maintenance of public facilities for the tambons. Chapter 1 introduces the basic set-up of the Tambon Administrative Organisation. It deals with amongst others the organisational structure, division of responsibilities, budgets and classification of tambons. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of Local Level Planning (LLP) com- prising rural infrastructure planning, accessibility and participation. It introduces the “Integrated Rural Accessibility Planning” process (IRAP), a set of tools that can be used by TAO officials to identify and prioritise interventions that will improve rural access through constructing, operating and maintaining rural infrastructure facilities. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of Labour Based Technology (LBT), defined as the construction technology which, while main- taining cost competitiveness and engineering quality standards, maximises the opportunities for employment, supported by light equipment. Special consideration is given to the cost effectiveness, technical design standards and employment generating aspects, to best fit the specific country needs and long term capacities, while simultaneously supporting decentralisation efforts. The annexes provide some examples of work norms applicable to common tasks in labour based works. Finally, the video CD inserted at the back of these guidelines shows the application of labour based technology in practice in Thailand. Planning and Implementing Local Infrastructure Works 7 Guidelines for Tambon Administrations Acknowledgments These guidelines have been prepared for and in collaboration with the Ministry of Interior and the Department of Public Works Tech- nical Training Institute of the Royal Thai Government. The original version was prepared by consultants Narong Leungbootak and Aniruth Thongchai and Paul Munters from ILO ASIST AP and first published in Thai language. The current version has undergone further developments carried out by the technical team in ASIST AP with substantial editing inputs from Chris Donnges, Bjorn Johannessen, Chloe Pearse and Pisit Tusanasorn. Acknowledgments are also due to the Public Works Department which contributed heavily to the production of the training video included in this document. Chapter 1 Tambon Administrative Offices Planning and Implementing Local Infrastructure Works 9 Guidelines for Tambon Administrations Tambon Administrative Offices The Thai Government Policy of Decentralization under the Sub-district Council and Sub-district Administration Act of 1994 (BE 2537) established the Tambon Administrative Organisation in an effort to improve decentralised governance and to introduce participatory planning and decision making at local level. The Tambon Administrative Offices are expected to increase the capacity of the Tambons to generate income by the creation of jobs, to promote the effective use of local resources, to create opportunities for the local communities to participate in solving typical local problems, with initiatives taken by and for the people. This all in order to improve the quality of life at local level. A tambon is the smallest unit of local governance in Thailand. There are around 7000 tambons. The average size of a tambon is about 6 by 6 km, and the average number of households is around 1000. Tambons are sub-divided into 5 classes (see Figure 1) according to their annual income. Most of the tambons fall into category V and have an annual income of less than 3 million Baht. Figure 1: TAO Classification Generally, half of the income is available for development and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, water, etc) within the tambon. However, the TAO budgets will become increasingly important for public investment because they are expected to expand in combi- nation with more administrative responsibilities in the future. The current responsibilities are given in Figure 2. Of all the TAO responsibilities, the technical services to be pro- vided are under the responsibility of the technicians and engineers (see Figure 3). These include development and maintenance of public facilities and infrastructure works, that are specified under the Act BE 2537 and Building Control Act BE 2522. 10 Chapter 1 Figure 2: Responsibilities of the Tambon Administrative Organisations The Tambon Administrative Organisation and Planning The TAO Councils make decisions, set priorities and give approv- als, while the TAO officials prepare the plans. The engineers and technicians play an important role in providing the councils with sound technical information as a basis for good planning and thus must be able to obtain data necessary for the planning process. Figure 3: Typical Tambon Administrative Structure Planning and Implementing Local Infrastructure Works 11 Guidelines for Tambon Administrations In order to provide the councils with sound technical information for public facilities, such as schools, healthcare centers, religious centers, TAO centers, bus-stops, solid waste dumps, sports