English (Compulsory) BA-101 Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) BA-101 English-Compulsory ITY ERS OF IV SC N IE U N R C A E W & H T S E E C B H M N A O J L O U G R Y U G Directorate of Distance Education Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology HISAR-125001 DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 1 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 CONTENTS No. Title Author Editor Page/s Literature and Language-I 1 Speech Sound Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 6 2 a)Choosing Our Universe Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 28 b)Are Dams the temples of 46 Modern India? Author-Arundhati Roy 3 The Generation Gap Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 69 4 Language and National Identity Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 85 5 a)Wounded Plants Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 106 Author- Jagadish Chandra Bose b) Playing the English 125 Gentleman 6 Great Books Born out of Great Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 146 Minds 7 a)The Responsibility of Young Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 161 Men b)Author-Lal Bahadur Shastri 173 Bharat Mata Author- Jawaharlal Nehru DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 2 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Literature and Language-II 1 Pigeons at Daybreak Dr. Pallavi Dr. Pallavi 189 By Anita Desai 2 With the Photographer Dr. Pallavi Dr. Pallavi 210 By – Stephen Leacock 3 The Journey Dr. Pallavi Dr. Pallavi 224 By Temsula Ao 4 The Refugee Dr. Pallavi Dr. Pallavi 241 By Khwaja Ahmed Abbas 5 Panchlight Dr. Narsingh Dr. Narsingh 256 Jangra Jangra 6 The Child Dr. Narsingh Dr. Narsingh 282 Jangra Jangra 7 The Blind Dog Dr.NutanYadav Dr.NutanYadav 313 R.K.Narayan Comment [g1]: Grammar Grammer Section No. Title Author Editor Page 1 Grammar: Noun and Pronoun Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 339 Gupta Devi 2 Verbs and Adverbs Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 352 Gupta Devi 3 Adjectives and Prepositions Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 372 DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 3 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Gupta Devi 4 Modals and Conjunctions. Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 401 Gupta Devi 5 Grammar: Tenses and Voice Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 424 Gupta Devi 6 Narration (Direct and Indirect Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 460 Speech) and Phrasal Verbs. Gupta Devi 7 Comprehension: Candidates Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 493 will be required to answer the Gupta Devi questions that follow the passages taken from the prescribed textbooks. Candidate will be required to attempt both the passages. 8 Paragraph: Candidates will be Dr Astha Dr. Shakuntla 518 required to write a paragraph 1 Gupta Devi in about 200 words on any one out of the four. DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 4 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE-I DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 5 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Subject: English ( Compulsory) Course Code: BA101 Author: Dr.NutanYadav Comment [g2]: done Lesson No:01 Editor: Dr.NutanYadav Speech Sound Lesson Structure 1.1 Learning Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Main Body of the Text 1.3.1 What is a speech sound? 1.3.2 What is a vowel? 1.3.3 What is a consonant? 1.4 Further Body of the text 1.4.1 Phonemes 1.4.2 Pure vowels 1.4.3 Vowel sound symbols 1.4.4 Consonant sound symbols 1.4.5 Pronunciations of the letters of the English alphabets 1.5 Check your Progress 1.6 Summary 1.7 Keywords 1.8 Self -Assessment Questions (SAQs) DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 6 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 1.9 Answers to Your Progress 1.10 References/ Suggested Readings 1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After going through this lesson you will be able to- To develop reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills of the English language. To enrich the taste of literature. To develop a reading habit Know the difference between poetry and prose. Trained in critically analyzing phonetic transcription of sound system 1.2 INTRODUCTION Sounds play a very important role in a language. It is the way how we express ourselves. Students need to know the sound structure of a language. 1.3 MAIN BODY OF THE TEXT 1.3.1 What is a speech sound? The English alphabet contains 26 letters which are divided into vowels and consonants. There is no one to one correspondence between spellings and sounds. It is that these 26 letters of the English alphabet along with some other symbols, represent 44 English speech sounds. Due to these 44 sounds, the letters of the alphabets in English don’t always correspond to the same speech sound. For example, ‘gh’ is pronounced differently in Laugh, ghost, through. The International Phonetic Association (IPA) has evolved to overcome this problem. Phonetic transcription following the IPA makes it possible for us to understand the correct pronunciation of words through dictionaries. 1.3.2 Phonetic Transcription DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 7 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 It is the visual representation of speech sounds following the international Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used extensively by phoneticians all over the world. According to IPA The 44 speech sounds of English are divided into 20 vowels and 24 consonants. 44 English speech sounds devided in- 20 vowels sounds(12 vowels +8 diphthongs) 24 consonants 1.3.3- What is a vowel? A vowel is a speech of sound in the production of which the air comes out of the mouth without any obstruction at all. 1.3.4 What is a consonant? A consonant is a speech sound in the production of which there is some hindrance to the airstream at some point in the mouth. All these 44 sounds are phonemes. 1.4 FURTHER BODY OF THE TEXT 1.4.1 Phonemes DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 8 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 A phoneme is the smallest possible sound unit which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words. Two words can differ in meaning through the contrast of a single phoneme. For example- Tail- Fail Kiss- Kill Rat- Cat Hit- Heat Speech sounds can be understood easily through this diagram Speech Sounds (44) Vowel Consonants Sounds(20) Sounds(24) Pure Diphthong(8) Vowel(12) 1.4.2 Pure Vowel A pure vowel is that vowel in which only one sound is made for example - a, e, I, o, u, etc. Diphthongs- A diphthong is a vowel in which two vowel sounds are heard. (ai), It is the mixture of two vowel sounds e.g.- night DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 9 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Hence, a diphthong means double so 1.4.3 Vowel sound symbols Examples IPA ʌ CUP, LUCK ɑ: ARM, FAT HER a CAT , BLACK e MET , BED ə AWAY, CINEMA ɜ:ʳ T URN, LEARN ɪ HIT , SITTING i: SEE, HEAT ɒ HOT , ROCK ɔ: CALL, FOUR ʊ PUT , COULD u: BLUE, FOOD Diphthongs Ai FIVE, EYE aʊ NOW, OUT eɪ SAY, EIGHT DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 10 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Examples IPA oʊ GO, HOME ɔɪ BOY, JOIN eəʳ WHERE, AIR ɪəʳ NEAR, HERE ʊəʳ PURE, T OURIST 1.4.4 Consonants Sound symbols Consonants IPA Examples listen b BAD, LAB d DID, LADY f FIND, IF g GIVE, FLAG h HOW, HELLO j YES, YELLOW k CAT , BACK l LEG, LITT LE m MAN, LEMON DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 11 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Consonants IPA Examples listen n NO, T EN ŋ SING, FINGER p PET , MAP r RED, T RY s SUN, MISS ʃ SHE, CRASH t T EA, GETTING tʃ CHECK, CHURCH θ THINK, BOTH ð THIS, MOTHER v VOICE, FIVE w WET , WINDOW z ZOO, LAZY ʒ PLEASURE, VISION dʒ JUST , LARGE Vowels- in phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is pronounced with an open vocal tract. DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 12 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Diphthongs –A diphthong is a gliding vowel in the articulation of which there is a transition of sound from one vowel position to another. Consonant- a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is articulated with the complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. For example, to pronounce/m/ one has to press one’s lips together; /t/ is pronounced using the front of the tongue;/k/ is pronounced using the back of the tongue. 1.4.5 Pronunciation of the letters of the English Alphabet The first letter of the English alphabet ‘A’ the ‘I’, is pronounced as/e/. The IPA transcriptions of the pronunciations of all the letters of the English alphabet are listed below. Syllable-syllables are the units into which a word is divided. Each unit consists of a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants. The syllabus may be ‘stressed’ strong form (when spoken with emphasis) and ‘unstressed’/weak form (when spoken without emphasis) The number of a syllable in a word maybe one or more i.e, monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Example of words containing one syllable: Late Bat Cheese Cake Door Eat Example of words containing two syllables: Walking Chicken DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 13 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Father Waited Teacher Enter Examples of words containing three syllables: Editor Reminder Camera Interrupt Syllable The letter ‘y’ can be counted as a vowel or a diphthong if it creates the sound of a vowel or a diphthong: e.g. ready, try, dry, etc. 1.5 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Transcribe these words- Vowel sound phonetic diagram DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 14 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Phonetic Symbols Vowel Sounds cat, fat, rat bed, ten, pen teacher, feather, about the ship, sit, fit got, cot, on cup, bus, much good, full, foot far, car, father bird, curd, dirty sheep, reap, deep saw, flaw, call DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 15 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 shoot, pool, cool Diphthong Sounds Phonetic Symbols of Diphthongs Diphthongs- my, fly, die cow, bow, now wait, straight, late the show, slow, go here, fear, near boy, joy, joy pure, sure, cure hair, bare, care DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 16 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Phonetic symbols of Vowels, Diphthongs, and consonants in the English Language Consonants Sounds- DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 17 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 Transcribe Words pea, pet, pole boat, bell, bat DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 18 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 ten, tell, tea dog, doctor, door chain, cheese June, joker, jet car, kettle, character go, gold, get fly, feather, fun video, van, vine think, thunder, throw this, that, them see, sell, soap zoo, zebra, zone shall, shoe, shame vision, measure, television man, more, make now, never, new sing, song, thing hat, hello, hair love, labor, lost red, rose, rope wet, well, watch 1.6 SUMMARY DDE, GJUS&T, Hisar 19 | English (Compulsory) BA-101 The English alphabet contains 26 letters which are divided into vowels and consonants.