Class Liliopsida (MONOCOTS) • Today - 59 300 species, 4 subclasses, 13 orders • have only one embryo leaf • leaves are simple, long and narrow, with parallel venation • stems are usually unbranched - secondary growth absent; • Vessel elements often lacking or sometimes restricted to specific organs • Vascular bundles of the stem are usually scattered or borne in 2 or more rings • flower parts are in threes • Pollen grain is uniaperturate Cronquist Subclasses in Monocots (Class Magnoliopsida) Subclass Arecidae • Today - 4 orders, 6 families, 5 600 species • includes grasses, lianas, epiphytes, aquatic plants • Species with a large amplitude in sizes • Flower – reduced floral parts – compensation: form large inflorescence - spadix, subtended by spathes; Lemnaceae – The Duckweeds Family (water lens) Today – 6 genera, 29 species, mostly aquatic plants Rutgers University and North Carolina State University - projects about the duckweed as a source of cost-effective, clean, renewable energy. Araceae - The Arum family Arum maculatum - Arum italicum - Lords-and-ladies Italian lords-and-ladies Dracunculus vulgaris - Common dracunculus Colocasia esculenta -Taro Subclass Liliidae Subclass Liliidae - main features • terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. More than 80% of the species belong to the families Liliaceae and Orchidaceae. • Leaves are linear and parallel-veined to broader with net venation • Carpels are mostly syncarpous with petalois sepals and perals • Flowers - highly developed for insect pollination; ovary is frequently inferior; with petaloid sepals and petals Liliaceae - The Lily Family Veratrum californicum Colchicum autumnale Veratrum lobelianum - Veratrum californicum - False Helleborine California false hellebore Veratridine - steroidal type alkaloid Cyclopamine - steroidal type alkaloid Calf cyclopia (cyclocephaly) Colchicum autumnale - Autumn crocus Genus Tulipa Tulipa humilis - Persian Pearl Tulipa gesneriana - Garden tulip Lilium martagon - Lilium candidum - Martagon lily Madonna lily Convallaria majalis - Lily of the valley Polygonatum odoratum - Scented Solomon's seal Asparagus officinalis - Garden-asparagus Ruscus aculeatus - Butcher's-broom Ornithogalum Hyacinthus ssp. - Star of orientalis - Betlehem Garden hyacinth Scilla bifolia - Alpine Squill Allium porrum - Leek Allium cepa - Onion Allium sativum- Garlic Aloe vera - Aloe Aloeceae - The Aloe Aloe arborescens - Family Candelabra aloe Aloe plantation Agave americana - Centuryplant Agavaceae - The Agave Family Cordyline stricta - Slender Palm Lily Dracaena draco - Dragon blood tree Yucca elephantipes - Spineless Yucca Amaryllidaceae - The Amaryllis family Galanthus nivalis - Common snowdrop Leucojum aestivum - Summer snowflake Narcissus poeticus - Poet's daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus - Wild daffodil Iridaceae - The Iris Family Crocus biflorus - Silvery crocus Crocus flavus - Yellow crocus Crocus sativus - Saffron crocus Iris pseudacorus - Yellow flag iris Iris germanica - Blue Flag Iris Iris florentina - Florentine iris Iris aphylla - Leafless iris Gladiolus priscilla - - Gladiolus Freesia sp. - Freesia Dioscoreaceae - The Yams Family Distribution of Yams family members Dioscorea bulbifera - Dioscorea аlata - Air potato Purple yam Yams uses Orchidaceae - The Orchid Family - the largest family of flowering plants Cattleya aclandiae - Lady Ackland's Cattleya" Phalaenopsis sp. - Moth orchids Orchis militaris - Military orchid Orchis maculate- Heath spotted-orchid Orchis mascula- Salep Orchid Salep tubers Anacamptis pyramidalis - Pyramidal Orchid Cypripedium calceolus - Lady's slipper orchid Platanthеra bifolia - Lesser butterfly- orchid Limodorum abortivum - Himanthoglossum hyrcinum Violet Limodore - Lizard orchid Ophrys apifera - Bee orchid Ophrys fusca - Ophrys fusca Dark bee-orchid Coevollution of insects - pollinators and orchids from Genus Disa (Orchidaceae) Vanilla planifolia - Glycoside vanillin Vanilla Vanillin uses Musaceae - The Banana Family Musa acuminate - Banana Subclass Commelinidae Arecaceae - The Palm Family Cocoas nucifera - Coconut tree Elaeis guineensis - African oil palm Metroxulon sagu - True sago palm Phoenix dactylifera- Date palm Ceroxylon sp. - Andean Wax Palm Phytelephas aequatorialis - Ecuadorean ivory palm Zingiberaceae - The Ginger Family Zingiber officinale - Ginger Ginger uses Curcuma longa - Turmeric Elettaria cardamomum - True cardamom Cardamom uses Poaceae - The Grass Family Genus Bambusa - Bamboo Bamboos uses Oryza sativa - Rice Phragmites austrialis -Common Reed Cynodon dactylon - Bermuda grass Panicum miliaceum - Broomcorn millet Zea mays - Maize Sorghum technicum - Sorghum Sorghum saccharatum - Sugar sorghum Poa annua - Festuca sp - Fescue Annual bluegrass Lolium temulentu Lolium temulentum - Poisonm darnel Triticum aestivum - Triticum durum - Common wheat Macaroni wheat Hordeum murinum - Wall barley Hordeum dystichon - Cereal grass Avena fatua - Common wild oat Avena sativa - Wild oats Secale cereal - Rye Agropyrum repens - Anthoxantum odoratum - Couch grass Sweet vernal grass Alopecurus pratensis Phleum pretense - Alopecurus pratensis - Timothy Meadow foxtail Distribution of Bromeliaceae Family Ananas comosus - Pineapple .