Vol. 21, No. 3 Page 1 FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE AUGUST 2018 The Journal of Common Sense Science FOUNDATIONS August 2018 Volume 21 OF SCIENCE Number 3 The Regression of Modern Science Part 5 The Age of the Earth Charles William (Bill) Lucas, Jr. 29045 Livingston Drive Mechanicsville, MD 20659 [email protected] Abstract. The reduction of the role of logic in modern (CMB), the large scale structure of the universe science has led to the false or incomplete theories of and Hubble's law. If the known laws of physics are electrodynamics, gravitation, strong interaction, weak used to extrapolate backwards in time to the highest interaction, special and general relativity, quantum density regime, the result is a singularity which is mechanics, the chemical atom, the atomic nucleus, the associated with the Big Bang. Measurements of the standard model of elementary particles, the Big Bang current expansion rate of the universe based on the Theory of the origin of the universe, the abiogenesis observed Hubble redshifts being interpreted as origin of life, and an age of the earth of 4.5 billion Doppler red shifts place the Big Bang at around years. This is known as the regression of modern 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered to be science. The solution to the problem is to properly the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the combine the axiomatic (logical) and empirical universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation (experimental) scientific methods in such a manner of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms like that the full potential of logic, experiment and hydrogen and helium. Giant clouds of these primordial mathematics to discover truth is employed.[1] elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter eventually forming the stars and Big Bang History of the Universe. The Belgian galaxies visible today. astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 proposed, on theoretical grounds, that the universe is expanding, which appeared to be observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble with his discovery of the Hubble redshift which was considered a Doppler shift. [2] The Big Bang Theory is the cosmological model for the origin of the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. The model describes how the universe expanded from a quantum fluctuation producing a very high-density and high-temperature state, and offers a potential explanation for a broad range of phenomena, including the abundance of light Figure 1 Timeline of the Big Bang Expansion of Space[3] elements, the cosmic microwave background radiation (Continued on page 3) Vol. 21, No. 1, Page 2 FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE AUGUST 2018 FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE © 2018, Common Sense Science, Inc. Published 4 times each year by Common Sense Science, Inc., Charles William (Bill) Lucas Jr, Editor, Glen C. Collins, Assistant Editor. Internet: www.CommonSenseScience.net Email: [email protected] Telephone: 1-240-249-5589 Subscription Rates (four issues) Letters and E-Mail Correspondence Science Partner Subscription: US $100 Special Notices Regular Subscription by mail: US $25 Senior Subscription by mail: US $15 In July Bill Lucas received the Lifetime Regular Subscription by email; US $15 Student Subscription by email: US $10 Achievement Award from the Chappel Natural Free subscription by email: Free for 1 year Philosophy Society (CNPS) for his published Send request for subscription or address change to: works at their meeting at the University of Common Sense Science, Inc. Connecticut at Storrs, CT June 27-30, 2018. 29045 Livingston Drive Bill was also the keynote speaker at the Mechanicsville, Maryland 29045-3271 USA or [email protected] banquet for this annual meeting of the CNPS. 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Vol. 21, No. 1, Page 3 FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE AUGUST 2018 series of beautifully colored concentric rings. The tiny The Regression of Modern ring patterns resembled a minature archery target with Science Part 5 The Age of the grain at the center of the bull’s eye. Because of their halo-like appearance and their exhibited color the Earth variations, known as pleochroism in certain minerals, (Continued from page 1) these concentric ring patterns came to be known as Big Bang History of the Earth. According to the pleochroic halos. theory of the Big Bang, a star and its planets form out of a collapsing cloud of dust and gas within a larger Upon further study mineralogists discovered by cloud called a nebula. As gravity pulls material in the changing the focus of the microscope that what collapsing cloud closer together, the center of the cloud appeared to be a series of flat concentric rings under gets more and more compressed and, in turn, gets one focus of the microscope was actually a cross hotter forming the sun. The various planets section of a group of centered spherical shells. In this are thought to have formed from the solar nebula, the case the tiny grain at the center of the spherical shells disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the was thought to hold the key to the origin of the halos. sun's formation. The currently accepted method by Some mineralogists speculated that an organic pigment which the planets formed is accretion, in which the might have been trapped in the halo center when the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central mineral formed, only to diffuse out later to form tiny protostar. As the planets got bigger and hotter, they colored spheres. However, no one could identify the became molten bodies which eventually cooled to form pigment or satisfactorily explain how diffusion could Precambrian granites on the surface of the planets like produce multiple well defined spheres. the earth. The Radioactive Nature of Halos in Minerals. The Big Bang is presumed to have produced just Pleochroic halos defied explanation until uranium and hydrogen and helium, i.e. only 2 of the 92 elements other elements were discovered to be radioactive. In found in the earth’s crust. Theoretically they came 1907 the solution to the halo puzzle was discovered in from thermonuclear fusion reactions that occurred the geology laboratory of John Joly of Trinity College billions of years ago deep inside certain stars. In this in Dublin. Joly was examining the halos in biotite, a scenario, space became lightly sprinkled with other dark mica that is easily split apart into thin slices. Joly elements when those stars later exploded as realized that the diffusion hypothesis could not explain supernovae. No explanation has been given on how the well defined edges of the halo rings in biotite the supernova remnants from throughout the far consisting of well defined layers or sheets. He began reaches of interstellar space reaccumulates to become to consider a radioactive origin for the halos. By that the raw materials for our solar system whose star was time scientists knew that uranium is the parent of a never a supernova. radioactive decay chain as shown in Figure 2. According to radiometric dating techniques and the assumptions made, the oldest Precambrian rocks on earth formed 4.5 billion years ago when the hot, molten proto-earth began to cool. The assumptions made in the radiometric dating technique began to be questioned with the discovery of radiohalos. Discovery of Pleochroic Halos in Minerals. In the late 1800’s improved microscopes became available to mineralogists that enabled them to see inside thin, translucent slices of minerals. These mineral Figure 2 Uranium Radioactive Decay Chain specimens which appeared to the unaided eye to be clear of defects actually contain tiny grains of other Joly was aware that uranium and its radioactive minerals. Some of these grains were surrounded by a daughter products decayed in one of two ways: (1) by Vol. 21, No. 1, Page 4 FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE AUGUST 2018 ejecting a very light particle called the beta particle As a result of Joly’s work the origin of each halo which causes little damage as it passes through a spherical ring has been explained.