The DOE ARM Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) Field Campaign: Overview June 10, 2019 2019 ARM-ASR PI Meeting Adam Varble Pacific Northwest National Laboratory CACTI: WHO, WHERE, AND WHAT? 2 Broad Overview Timing: 15 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 Location: Villa Yacanto, Argentina (32.1°S, 64.75°W) Facilities: AMF-1 (> 50 instruments), C-SAPR2 radar, G-1 aircraft (IOP, > 50 in situ instruments), and supplemental AWS, photogrammetry and sounding sites IOP was coincident with NSF-led RELAMPAGO field program from 1 Nov – 18 Dec 2018 Primary Goal: Quantify the sensitivity of convective cloud system evolution to environmental conditions for the purposes of evaluating and improving model parameterizations Precipitation Formation Cumulus Cloud Field Mesoscale Organization ? ? ? Courtesy NASA Ice Formation ? ? ? ? 3 Science Team Principal Investigator Adam Varble, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Co-Investigators Stephen Nesbitt, University of Illinois Paola Salio, Universidad de Buenos Aires Edward Zipser, University of Utah Susan van den Heever, Colorado State University Greg McFarquhar, University of Illinois Paul DeMott, Colorado State University Sonia Kreidenweis, Colorado State University Robert Houze, Jr., University of Washington Kristen Rasmussen, Colorado State University Michael Jensen, Brookhaven National Laboratory Pavlos Kollias, McGill University Ruby Leung, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory David Romps, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory David Gochis, National Center for Atmospheric Research Eldo Avíla, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Christopher Williams, University of Colorado-Boulder/NOAA Paloma Borque, University of Illinois With critical support from ARM infrastructure and management, INVAP (in country management), local land owners and government officials, NOAA (providing us GOES-16 rapid scan data for events), and NASA Langley (performing satellite retrievals for us). 4 Management, Infrastructure, Support Critical In Country Support INVAP, Servicio Meteorológical Nacional (SMN), Forecasting Team (Lynn McMurdie, SMN and student forecasters), local government officials in Villa Yacanto and Rio Cuarto, Universidad de Córdoba, Fuerza Aérea Argentina (Air Force), Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 (AA2000), Empresa Argentina de Navegación Aérea (EANA), and Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba ARM Ground Facilities ARM Aircraft Facility Heath Powers, Tim Goering, Peter Argay: AMF1 Operations Management Beat Schmid: Facility Manager Kim Nitschke: Former AMF1 Manager Jason Tomlinson: Engineering Manager Vagner Castro, Juarez Viegas, Tercio Silva, Bruno Cunha: Site Mike Hubbell: Flight Operations Manager/Pilot Technicians Clayton Eveland, Jon Ray, and Jen Armstrong: Pilots Nitin Bharadwaj, Joseph Hardin, Andrei Lindenmaier, Brad Isom, Pete Alyssa Matthews, Mikhail Pekour, Lexie Goldberger, Fan Mei, Matt Argay, and Todd Houchens: Radar Engineering Newburn, Kaitlyn Suski, Alla Zelenyuk-Imre, Mike Crocker, Luke Stephen Springston, Art Sedlacek: Aerosol Systems Engineering Marx, Pete Carroll, Albert Mendoza, Dan Nelson, and Tom Hill: Many others: Instrument Operations, Engineering, Data Mentorship Engineering, Operations, and Data Mentors ARM Infrastructure Jim Mather, Nicki Hickmon, Jennifer Comstock, Sally McFarlane: ARM Management Hanna Goss, Ryan Risenmay, Michael Wassem, Rolanda Jundt, Eric Francavilla, Robert Stafford, Cory Ireland: Communications Giri Prakash, Cory Stuart, Maggie Davis, Rob Records, David Swank: Data Flow and Storage Adam Theisen, Ken Kehoe, Austin King, Sherman Beus: Data Quality And so many others who contributed to engineering, import/export, installation, operations, communications, mentoring of instruments, and data quality/flow/storage without which CACTI would not exist! 5 WHY ARGENTINA? 6 Experiment Rationale: Repeated Cumulus with Variable Aerosol and Land Surface Properties Sounding Sounding ACDC ACDC Sounding ACDC AWS AWS AWS AMF1 AMF1 AMF1 C-SAPR2 C-SAPR2 C-SAPR2 Figures courtesy of NASA 7 Experiment Rationale: Repeated Deep Convective Initiation SMN C-band SMN C-band SMN C-band SMN C-band Soundings DOWs Soundings Soundings Soundings CSU C-band Surface Stations ACDC ACDC ACDC AWS AWS AWS COW AMF1 AMF1 AMF1 C-SAPR2 C-SAPR2 C-SAPR2 Figures courtesy of NASA 8 Experiment Rationale: Frequent Deep Convective Upscale Growth (Mesoscale Organization) Solman et al. (2013) • Climate model ensemble mean 2-m temperature is warm- biased and precipitation is dry-biased in the summer from the Sierras de Córdoba eastward (right) • This is similar to the bias over the US Great Plains • Also like the US Great Plains, an overwhelming majority of the precipitation in this region is produced by eastward propagating MCSs (bottom) Time progression of cold cloud top temperature coverage for systems starting over the Sierras de Cordoba 9 Vidal and Salio (2014) Experiment Rationale: “Extreme” Deep Convection C-band Reflectivity Vertical Cross-Section Most Extreme Lightning Flash Rates (Zipser et al. 2006) Image from Joseph Hardin and Nitin Bharadwaj Severe Hail Frequency Estimated from AMSR-E (Cecil and Blankenship 2012) TRMM estimated systems with rainfall > 300,000 m3/s Photo and Video Courtesy of Paola Salio 10 CACTI OBJECTIVES 11 Science Questions 1. How are the properties and lifecycles of orographically generated boundary layer clouds, including cumulus humulis, mediocris, congestus, and stratocumulus, affected by environmental kinematics, thermodynamics, aerosols, and surface properties? • How do these clouds types alter the lower free troposphere through detrainment? 2. How do environmental kinematics, thermodynamics, and aerosols impact deep convective initiation, upscale growth, mesoscale organization, and system lifetime? • How are soil moisture, surface fluxes, and aerosol properties altered by deep convective precipitation events and seasonal accumulation of precipitation? These questions are intentionally very general. The location in Argentina was primarily chosen because of its very high frequency of orographic convective clouds, specifically deep convective initiation and upscale growth, in a wide variety of environments uniquely observable from a fixed location. 12 CACTI MEASUREMENTS 13 Siting Photo by Jason Tomlinson WV-DIAL Sounding Site 2 560 m Met Stations 1923, 2656 m 46 km between sounding sites Stereo Cameras AMF1, CSAPR2 1141 m Figure courtesy of Steve Nesbitt Photo by Jason Tomlinson Photo by Paloma Borque 14 Ground Instrumentation Property Instrument Hydrometeor radar reflectivity, C-band Scanning ARM Precipitation Radar (C- Doppler velocity and spectra, SAPR2) cloud/precipitation kinematic and Ka/X-band Scanning ARM Cloud Radar (X/Ka-SACR) C-SAPR2 microphysical retrievals Ka-band ARM Cloud Radar (KAZR) Radar wind profiler (precipitation mode) Heights of cloud bases and ARM Cloud Digital Cameras (ACDC) ECOR tops, cloud sizes and vertical velocities Cloud base height Ceilometer TSI Cloud scene/fraction Total Sky Imager (TSI) Raindrop size distribution, fall Laser disdrometer KAZR speeds, rainfall 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) Ka/X-SACR Tipping bucket rain gauge Weighing bucket rain gauge Optical rain gauge MWR Liquid water path, precipitable 2-Channel Microwave Radiometer (MWR-2C) water 3-Channel Microwave Radiometer (MWR-3C) Microwaver Radiometer Profiler (MWR-P) High-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (MWR-HF) Surface pressure, temperature, Surface meteorological instrumentation humidity, winds, visibility 2DVD Vertical profiles of temperature, Balloon-borne sounding system humidity, winds Radar wind profiler (wind mode) Doppler Microwave Radiometers Lidar Boundary layer winds and Doppler lidar RWP turbulence Sodar Surface latent and sensible heat Eddy Correlation flux measurement system (ECOR) fluxes, CO2 flux, turbulence, soil Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) moisture, energy balance 15 Ground Instrumentation Property Instrument Upwelling and downwelling Downwelling sky shortwave, infrared, and spectral radiation radiometers Upwelling ground infrared and spectral radiometers Sky Radiometers Ground Atmospheric Emitted Radiation Interferometer (AERI) Radiometers Multifilter radiometer MPL Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) Infrared thermometer – ground and sky 2-Channel Narrow Field of View Zenith Radiometer Hemispheric Shortwave Array Spectroradiometer Zenith Shortwave Array Spectroradiometer Sun Photometer Aerosol backscattered radiation Micropulse lidar profile Doppler lidar Aerosol optical depth Cimel Sun photometer Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) Cloud condensation nuclei Dual Column Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) concentration counter Condensation nuclei Condensation Particle Counters (CPC, UCPC) concentration Aerosol INP concentration Filters for offline processing in CSU ice spectrometer Containers Aerosol chemical composition Aerosol Chemistry Speciation Monitor (ACSM) Black carbon Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) Aerosol extinction Ambient and variable humidity nephelometers MFRSR Aerosol absorption Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) Aerosol particle size distribution Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS) Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) O3, CO, N2O, H2O concentration Trace gas instrument system 16 Measurement Strategy Sounding Sounding Profilers Low Level Jet Sounding Background Detrainment Flow Site AWSs ACDCs Upslope Mixing Flow Low AMF1 Level Jet C-SAPR2 Convergence Upslope Land/PBL Flow Obs. Upslope AMF1 Flow C-SAPR2 Measure cloud base inflow