FM 3-07.1 May 2009 Security Force Assistance DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Department of the Army Foreword We remain a nation at war in an era of persistent conflict, but we do not stand alone. Our nation has many multinational partners, equally committed to freedom, rule of law and stability. It is clear that we are stronger when we act with partners in today’s operating environment. Therefore, security force assistance is no longer an “additional duty.” It is now a core competency of our Army. As distinctions separating war and peace blur and challenges to security increase, we must seek to help our multinational partners successfully confront their security challenges. Security force assistance builds our multinational partners’ capability to defeat regular, irregular, and hybrid threats prevalent in an era of persistent conflict. The two pillars of security force assistance are the modular brigade and Soldiers acting as advisors. Their tactical efforts build partner capability and improve the security situation. Over time, U.S. forces and partners foreign security forces collectively set the conditions to defeat common threats and ultimately achieve strategic success. This manual addresses common characteristics and considerations for conducting security force assistance and clarifies what units and individual advisors must understand to work “by, with, and through” their counterparts. Since every situation and foreign security force is unique, units and individuals conducting security force assistance must carefully analyze the operational environment, especially the relationships of foreign security forces and their population. Conducting successful security force assistance requires adaptive units led by well- informed, culturally astute leaders. FM 3-07.1 provides commanders, staffs, and advisors with the common doctrine for achieving this goal. Conducting foreign security assistance requires great skill in building relationships and “leading from behind.” We must all increase our understanding of this important mission. MARTIN E. DEMPSEY General, U.S. Army Commanding General U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command FM 3-07.1 Field Manual Headquarters No. 3-07.1 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1 May 2009 Security Force Assistance Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT ............................................................................ 1-1 Security Force Assistance and the Strategic Context ........................................ 1-1 National Strategy and Defense Policies ............................................................. 1-2 Related Operations and Programs ..................................................................... 1-3 Chapter 2 FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................... 2-1 Mindset ............................................................................................................... 2-1 Imperatives ......................................................................................................... 2-1 Tasks .................................................................................................................. 2-2 Activities.............................................................................................................. 2-8 Types .................................................................................................................. 2-9 Chapter 3 BRIGADE OPERATIONS PROCESS ............................................................... 3-1 Battle Command ................................................................................................. 3-1 Operations Process ............................................................................................ 3-5 Chapter 4 THE MODULAR BRIGADE AUGMENTED FOR SECURITY FORCE ASSISTANCE .................................................................................................... 4-1 The Brigade Combat Team ................................................................................ 4-1 Brigade Combat Team Phases .......................................................................... 4-1 Subordinate Units ............................................................................................... 4-9 Sample Troop-to-Task Model ........................................................................... 4-10 Chapter 5 UNIT OPERATIONS .......................................................................................... 5-1 Premission .......................................................................................................... 5-1 Deployment ........................................................................................................ 5-2 In-Country Preparation ....................................................................................... 5-4 Employment ........................................................................................................ 5-5 Redeployment .................................................................................................. 5-10 Postdeployment ................................................................................................ 5-12 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. i Contents Chapter 6 SUSTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 6-1 Sustainment in Foreign Security Forces Capacity .............................................. 6-1 Asset Management and Performance ................................................................ 6-4 Operational Contract Support ............................................................................. 6-5 External Agencies Support Management ........................................................... 6-6 Facilitating the Redeployment Process .............................................................. 6-7 Chapter 7 THE ADVISOR .................................................................................................... 7-1 Roles of the Advisor ............................................................................................ 7-1 Considerations of the Advisor ............................................................................. 7-1 Personality Traits of the Advisor ......................................................................... 7-3 Skills of the Advisor ............................................................................................. 7-4 Chapter 8 CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION ................................................................. 8-1 Society ................................................................................................................ 8-1 Culture ................................................................................................................. 8-2 Cross-Cultural Communications ......................................................................... 8-8 Chapter 9 WORKING WITH COUNTERPARTS ................................................................. 9-1 Establishment of Rapport .................................................................................... 9-1 Accomplishment of Rapport ................................................................................ 9-2 Policies and Agreements .................................................................................... 9-3 Levels of Advisors ............................................................................................... 9-4 Considerations of Rapport .................................................................................. 9-4 Recommended Practices in Building Rapport .................................................... 9-6 Dynamics of Advising Foreign Security Forces .................................................. 9-8 Chapter 10 CROSS-CULTURAL INFLUENCING AND NEGOTIATING ........................... 10-1 Influencing ......................................................................................................... 10-1 Cross-Cultural Negotiating ................................................................................ 10-7 Appendix A ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES IMPERATIVES ............................. A-1 Appendix B LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................. B-1 Appendix C INFORMATION ENGAGEMENT ....................................................................... C-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. The spectrum of conflict and security force assistance ...................................... 1-1 Figure 1-2. Security cooperation, security assistance, and foreign internal defense ............ 1-6 Figure 1-3. Relationship of security force assistance with security cooperation, security assistance, and foreign internal defense .............................................. 1-7 Figure 2-1.