Creation Research Society Quarterly 2020 56:154–169. 154 Creation Research Society Quarterly The Waters Above— A Comparison of Three Models Mark McGuire* Abstract n Genesis 1:6–8 the Bible reveals to us that, on Day 2 of Creation, IGod made an expanse, called “Heaven” and separated the waters below the expanse from the waters above it. The nature and location of these “waters above” have been debated for some time. Further com- plicating the puzzle, the Bible speaks of three heavens. The first step is to define these “heavens.” Then we might know where the waters were located. Three models will be compared—the Vapor Canopy Model, the White Hole Theory model, and the Hartnett-Carmeli model. Each one locates the waters above differently—above the atmosphere, around the universe, and around the outer reaches of the solar system respectively. The strengths and weaknesses of each are compared in an attempt to come closer to the truth. Introduction creative and integrative. Consequently, extent, its processes no longer in opera- The study of origins, the past, the future, the origin of the universe must be de- tion. Several models combining science or the purpose and meaning of life all rived from other sources. Most cosmolo- with scripture have been developed to fall outside the domain of science: gies are religious. explain certain phenomena. But cre- Contrary to impressions made by the Christians should use all tools avail- ation presents many puzzles. One of news media, no one today can start able to discover truth. Our primary them is God’s work on Day 2. Genesis from observed data and build up a source of truth is revelation (Scripture), 1:6–8 states that He divided the waters cosmology by rigorous scientific de- but it also includes science—theoretical, of earth using an “expanse;” some duction. (Humphreys, 1994, p. 53) experimental, observational, historical, above, some below. The latter are the Science deals with present processes. forensic, etc., as a secondary source antediluvian oceans. What were the The two most basic laws of science, the (Reed and Klevberg, 2014a, 2014b). “waters above”? first and second laws of thermodynamics, The Bible describes the creation—its Different models have addressed this are conservative and deteriorative, not duration, date, order, and to a certain puzzle in different ways. This paper will compare three of them: 1. The vapor canopy model (VCM) (Whitcomb and Morris, 1961) 2. The white hole cosmology (WHT) (Humphreys, 1994 as modified in * Mark McGuire, [email protected] 1998) Accepted for publication January 27, 2020 Volume 56, Winter 2020 155 3. The Hartnett-Carmeli model agreeable to the earth, and fitted ment, and divided the waters which (HCM) (Hartnett, 2007) it for giving moisture and rain and were under the firmament from the They all attempt to integrate scien- for affording the advantage of dews. waters which were above the firma- tific knowledge with revelation. Each (Josephus, c. 93 AD, p. 24) ment: and it was so. And God called has strengths and weakness, but it is Both Luther (c. 1536) and Calvin the firmament Heaven. (Genesis almost impossible to prove (or disprove) (1559) correctly interpreted the Hebrew 1:6–8, KJV) any of the models simply because there word rāqî‘ (which is translated as “firma- In modern translations, rāqî‘ is most are so many unknowns, and no one was ment” in the KJV) as an expanse. Calvin often translated “expanse” which has the there to observe the events. (1559, p. 79) wondered: meaning of that which was spread out One of the best clues to this puzzle I know not why the Greeks have or stretched. It comes from the Hebrew is the Bible’s description of three distinct chosen to render the word [rāqî‘] word rq‘, which means to hammer out “heavens.” Understanding their identity stereōma which the Latins have (HALOT) and by analogy to spread out can help us determine the nature and imitated in the term firmamentum; like thin plate metal that is hammered. location of “the waters above.” for literally it means expanse. In this passage, God calls the expanse One possible explanation was that it “Heaven,” i.e., He equates heaven with was considered firm, not by material, but the expanse so that they can be consid- The Heavens: how many by the Word of God which makes some- ered interchangeable. and where are they? thing strong even though by nature it is Brown’s (2001) Hydroplate model To answer this question, it is first ben- soft (Luther, c.1536). However, neither (HPT) is not considered in this analysis, eficial to look at the ideas of the early could explain what the “waters above” because he interpreted the “expanse” as church and earlier. Apparently, the were, as it seemed opposed to common a layer of the Earth’s crust; the “waters number of heavens depended upon the sense (Calvin, 1554–1559). above” being the oceans and those below “science” or “philosophy” of the day. The Luther (c. 1536, p. 30) showed his a subterranean reservoir. But the word early church was heavily influenced by wisdom: firmament (rāqî‘) is used 17 times in Greek philosophy. We Christians must, therefore, be the Bible. In all other cases outside of The Greeks believed that the earth different from the philosophers in Genesis it refers to a heavenly expanse was the center of the universe and the way we think about the cause either connected with the heavens and everything revolved around it. There of these things. And if some are the sun (Psalm 19), stars (Daniel 12:3), were four basic elements—earth, water, beyond our comprehension (like or the glory of God (Ezekiel 1:22–26, air, and fire with a possible fifth element those before us concerning the 10:1), but never with the crust. Brown of ether (Luther, c. 1536). These were waters above the heavens), we must argued that Psalm 24:2, 33:7, 104:3, arranged in order by weight with earth believe them and admit our lack of 136:5–9, and II Peter 3:5 supported the heaviest and fire the lightest. There knowledge rather than either wick- his theory, but these passages better fit were also seven spheres or orbits of the edly deny them or presumptuously the third day when God separated the planets and some thought as many as interpret them in conformity with oceans and dry land. ten (Luther, c. 1536). These spheres or our understanding. If it can be shown biblically that “heavens” were apparently crystalline in With this in view, an attempt will be either the “heaven” or “expanse” has nature (Strahler, 1987). This philosophy made to define how many heavens and multiple parts, then the other does too. was maintained until the modern Co- where they are. A primary passage to the possible mean- pernican system replaced it. In the first chapter of Genesis, God ings is found in II Corinthians 12:1–4: This philosophy had a tremendous created the heaven and the earth. The I knew a man in Christ above four- influence on how commentators in- Hebrew word for heaven is shamayim teen years ago, (whether in the body, terpreted “the waters above.” Josephus which is apparently in the dual form, I cannot tell; or whether out of the remarked that: but in reality is a plural (Koehler and body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) after this, on the second day, he Baumgartner [HALOT], 1999). It can such an one caught up to the third placed the heaven over the whole be translated “heaven” or “heavens,” heaven…how that he was caught up world, and separated it from the depending on the context. into paradise… other parts; and he determined it And God said, Let there be a firma- Paul spoke of the third heaven, should stand by itself. He also placed ment in the midst of the waters, and which implies at least two others. Since a crystalline [firmament] round let it divide the waters from the Paul was writing under divine inspira- it, and put together in a manner waters. And God made the firma- tion, we can use this passage to under- 156 Creation Research Society Quarterly stand others. There are several passages Spirit that Paul was taken into the third heaven (HALOT, TLOT, NI- in scriptures that also indicate multiple heaven. DOTTE) heavens. If there are three, does the Bible b. This does not indicate height, but Behold, the heaven and the heaven define them? Thirteen English words a superlative (HALOT, TLOT) of heavens cannot contain thee; (e.g., sky, air, cloud, and firmament) how much less this house that I were used in the King James Version to These descriptions can be used to have builded?” (I Kings 8:27, II define and describe the heavens. identify the three heavens: (1) atmo- Chronicles 6:18, emphasis added) The Hebrew and Greek terms ap- spheric space, (2) interstellar space, and Wise Solomon understood that God pear over 800 times (Table 1). There (3) the place of God’s throne. We will could not be contained by His creation, are eleven different words translated as examine these now in reverse order. as did Moses: “heaven,” “heavens,” or “heavenly” in Behold, the heaven and the heaven both Old and New Testaments. In the The Third Heaven of heavens is the Lord’s thy God, Old Testament, out of 441 usages, the Paul was taken up into the third heaven the earth also, with all that therein Hebrew shamayim (398) and its Aramaic and called it “paradise.” The word is.