Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 4(4), 92-99 (2017) International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology Volume 4 ● Number 4 (April-2017) ● ISSN: 2349-8080 (Online) Journal homepage: www.ijcrbp.com Review Article doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2017.404.013 Proven Activities of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. C. Deepa1* and N. W. Shinde2 1Department of Environmental Studies, NES Ratnam College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bhandup, Mumbai -400 078, Maharashtra, India 2Department of Botany, K.V. Pendharkar College, Dombivli, Mumbai-421203, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author. A bs t r ac t Article Info Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the Accepted: 28 January 2017 ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform Available Online: 06 April 2017 important biological functions. Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect: on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical K e yw or ds compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. Entada phaseoloides, a well-known liana Biological activity widely used therapeutically and has become increasingly popular as an important Entada phaseoloides medicinal plant. Entada phaseoloides and its bioactive compounds possess various Medicinal properties pharmacological properties. The plant has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and molluscidal agent. The present review summarizes current knowledge on reported medicinal properties, pharmacological actions. Despite this, further investigations are required to explore Entada phaseoloides and to evaluate the different biological activities of either its extracts or the isolated compounds with probable modes of action. Introduction about the effectiveness of herbal medicine has become more widely available. The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non-industrialized societies, and is often more In 2001, researchers identified 122 compounds used in affordable than purchasing expensive modern modern medicine which were derived from ethno pharmaceuticals. The World Health Organization medical plant sources (Achrekar et al., 1991), 80% of (WHO) estimates that 80% of the populations of some these compounds have had an ethno medical use Asian and African countries presently use herbal identical to the current use of the active synthetic drugs medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Studies (Patil et al., 2009). Many of the pharmaceuticals in the United States and Europe have shown that their currently available to physicians have a long history of use is less common in clinical settings, but has become use as herbal remedies, including aspirin, digitalis, increasingly more in recent years as scientific evidence quinine and opium. The use of herbs to treat disease is C. Deepa and N. W. Shinde (2017) / Proven Activities of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 92 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 4(4), 92-99 (2017) almost universal among non-industrialized societies This comprehensive review summarizes our current (Ananthanarayanan and Panikar, 1992; Augusti, 1975) knowledge of the major bioactivities and clinical and is often more affordable than purchasing expensive efficacy of Entada phaseoloides as one of the currently modern pharmaceuticals. Researchers found that people used popular herbal plant. in different parts of the world tended to use medicinal plants for medical purposes. In the early 19th century, Entada as tribal medicine when chemical analysis first became available (Bhadauria, 2002; Cherian and Augusti, 1993), scientists Dried vine materials of about 15 g to 30 g in decoction began to extract and modify the active ingredients from are reported to be effective in rheumatic lumbar, leg plants. Later, chemists began making their own version pains, sprains and bruise. Powdered seeds when taken of plant compounds and, over time, the use of herbal orally with water can cure jaundice and edema due to medicines declined in favour of drugs. Almost one malnutrition. In abdominal pains and colic, the kernels fourth of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from of seeds after mixing with oil can be applied as paste botanicals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been onto affected area. The paste of seed is used for reducing isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% irritation and applied to glandular swellings in the joints, of the total (Lai and Roy, 2004). Most plant-derived and swollen hands and feet. It is also used as hair growth extracts are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (21 stimulant. Seeds are used as emetic. It is used as Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) × 182, 184) (Burt, antipyretic agent. In South Africa, seeds are used by 2004). infants to bite on during their teething period. Also, used as remedy for cerebral hemorrhage. As a treatment of Herbal medicine is the study and use of medicinal skin itches, the affected part is washed with a decoction properties of plants. Plants have the ability to synthesize of the bark of Entada phaseoloides. Stem macerated in a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to cold water used as cleansing soap and also used as an perform important biological functions (Mahalingam emetic. and Krishnan, 2008) and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous Review of proven medicinal properties mammals. One of such widely used medicinal plant is Entada phaseoloides. 1) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities Entada phaseoloides On the basis of various previous study models, saponins obtained from Entada phaseoloides, were reported to This perennial climbing vine is well known for its have significant anti-inflammatory activity and enormously large seeds and seed pods, which can grow specifically the saponin from seed kernels of Entada well over 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length, and contain a phaseoloides, was reported to have significant activity dozen or more seeds per seed pod. The seeds have a against Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats (Liu et al., very hard woody shell. These seeds are dark brown to 1972). black in color and are shaped like round disc, measuring approximately 2 inches by 2 inches (5 cm × 5 cm). This Anti-inflammatory activity of saponin was proven in the vine primarily grows in tropical zones at or near sea study of methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides level along beaches, coastlines and along the sides of seeds in animal models where the LD50 was found to be rivers, throughout the countries on Indian Ocean: more than 5,000 mg/kg in acute oral toxicity testing. Madagascar, Southern Africa, Asia, and Australia. Pre-treatment with the extract (400 mg/kg) reduced Because the seed coat is thick, waxy and airtight, the carrageenan induced rat paw edema at 3rd hour seeds often travel through waterways for years before compared to control group of rats. Dose dependent (100, they are able to take root; once rooted they quickly 200 and 400 mg/kg) reduction in inhibition of encircle surrounding trees and grow skyward. When granuloma formation of cotton pellet granuloma, these vines are left to grow wildly, their base can grow exudate volume, and total leukocyte count was observed as thick as a small tree, easily obtaining a diameter of 8 with the extract. The extract inhibited acetic acid – 12 inches (0.2 – 0.3 meters) or more. The leaves grow induced writhing dose dependency (40, 80 and 120 in pairs along the length of the limbs and are dark green mg/kg) but was found inactive in reducing the pain with a glossy sheen. produced by thermal injury. C-reactive proteins were C. Deepa and N. W. Shinde (2017) / Proven Activities of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 93 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 4(4), 92-99 (2017) absent in extract treated group. The results indicated that (87.07%), in comparison to Baicalin (70.85%). The extract possesses weaker acute but strong sub-acute anti- expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS was strongly inflammatory activity and strong peripheral analgesic suppressed by Ea5 in microglia. Ea5 also inhibited the activity. The results also suggested that the extract may activity of p38MAPK Kinase, up to 30% for the act on the “proliferative phases of inflammation” (Gupta concentrations tested, whereas a prominent inhibition et al., 2006). was obtained with Baicalin. In another study of anti-inflammatory effect of topical 2) Anti arthritic activity application of different formulations of seed pulp of Entada phaseoloides was evaluated. After removing the The effect of two formulations of Entada phaseoloides shell, Entada phaseoloides seeds were powdered. Paste seeds after topical application in “monoiodoacetate- was prepared with water and ointment with polyethylene induced osteoarthritis” in rats was studied since arthritis glycol and Carbowax 3350. 32 Wister rats of either sex is a very common clinical condition affecting both sexes weighing 140-200 g were divided into four groups, and all ages. Most common forms of arthritis are Group-I vehicle, Group-II Entada phaseoloides paste, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In all types of Group-III Entada phaseoloides Ointment, Group-IV arthritis pain, inflammation and functional restriction are Diclofenac sodium Ointment. Arthritis was induced by the presenting manifestation. Anti-inflammatory drugs injecting 0.1ml Complete Freund's adjuvant in sub like NSAIDs, corticosteroids and disease-modifying plantar region of the left hind paw. Drug treatment was antirheumatic drugs, etc. are used for symptomatic started on the same day and given for 12 days. Paw relief, but many times they are associated with adverse volume was measured with Plethysmometer on day 0, 1, effects that can often be as difficult to manage as the 5, 12 and 21 for both the paws. Bodyweight and Gait disease itself.