Report No. 63785-SD Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sudan: Issues in Urban Development Phase 1 – Overview of the Urban Landscape November 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Urban and Water Unit Sustainable Development Department Africa Region Acknowledgements This paper was prepared by Zara Sarzin and Barjor Mehta, and draws substantially on a background paper prepared for the World Bank by Dr. Gamal Hamid, Deputy Dean and Head of the Planning and Urban Design Department, Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. The authors received valuable advice and comments from a World Bank peer review committee consisting of Christine Kessides (ECSS6), Sylvie Debomy (LCSUW), and Sanjeev Ahluwalia (AFTPR). The authors also wish to thank the following World Bank colleagues for providing assistance, helpful comments and contributions: Ian Bannon (AFTCS), Alassane Sow, Isabel Soares, Azza Imam, Maisa Osman Mukhtar Nurein (AFMSD), Greg Toulmin (AFCET), Bill Bataille, Gabriel Demombynes (AFTP2), Jack W. Van Holst Pellekaan (IEGCR), Jeeva Perumalpillai-Essex (EASTS), Jaime Biderman (IEGCS), Junaid Kamal Ahmad, Alex Bakalian, Roland White, Tesfaye Bekalu, Carolina Dominguez- Torres, Solomon Alemu, Gunther Gutknecht, Jerry Chen, Marie Claire Li-Tin-Yue (AFTUW), Tatiana Sviridova, Michael Lokshin (DECPI), Asif Faiz (SASDT), George Banjo (ECSS5), Nouma Dione (CICAF), Negede Lewi, Tesfamichael Mitiku, Mohamed Beshir (AFTTR), Mohamed Osman Hussein (AFTAR), Maisoun Badawi (AFTFE) and Akwii Anne Kennox (AFMJB). The authors are also grateful to the insights, comments and contributions generously provided by Eng. Sabiel A. Rasoul Ishag, Secretary General, National Council for Physical Development and Dr. Sharaf Bannaga. 2 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 5 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Urbanization in Sudan...................................................................................................................... 7 A. Historical Evolution of the Spatial System in Sudan ................................................................... 7 B. Contemporary Demographic and Urbanization Trends ............................................................... 9 C. Population Growth in Nyala and Khartoum: Insights from Case Studies ................................. 19 D. Economic Contribution of Urban Areas .................................................................................... 29 E. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................... 31 III. Legal and Institutional Composition of Sudan‘s Urban areas ....................................................... 34 A. Constitutional and Legal Basis for Local Government.............................................................. 34 B. Framework for Local Government ............................................................................................ 36 C. Roles and Responsibilities for Service Delivery ....................................................................... 38 D. Local Government Financing .................................................................................................... 40 E. Urban Land and Housing ........................................................................................................... 41 F. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................... 44 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................. 46 A. Priorities for the Urban and Local Government Sector ............................................................. 46 B. Options for Future World Bank Engagement ............................................................................ 47 ANNEX A: Khartoum Case Study ........................................................................................................... 49 A. Population Growth ..................................................................................................................... 49 B. Urban Poverty ............................................................................................................................ 51 C. Institutional Arrangements......................................................................................................... 51 D. Land, Housing and Urban Planning ........................................................................................... 54 E. Urban Infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 57 F. Municipal Finance ..................................................................................................................... 61 ANNEX B: Nyala Case Study .................................................................................................................. 63 A. Population Growth ..................................................................................................................... 63 B. Urban Economy ......................................................................................................................... 64 C. Institutional Arrangements......................................................................................................... 65 D. Land, Housing and Urban Planning ........................................................................................... 67 E. Urban Infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 69 F. Municipal Finance ..................................................................................................................... 72 3 Tables Table 1: Population Density...................................................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Population, Population Growth Rate and Population Density by State...................................... 10 Table 3: Population of Sudan from 1956 to 2008 and Intercensal Growth Rates .................................... 12 Table 4: Estimates of Urban Population Growth ...................................................................................... 13 Table 5: City Population and Population Growth Rates ........................................................................... 14 Table 6: Components of Urban Population Growth in Sudan .................................................................. 15 Table 7: Estimated Numbers of IDPs by Location ................................................................................... 15 Table 8: Comparison of Population Growth Rates ................................................................................... 19 Table 9: A Framework for Urbanization Policies ..................................................................................... 32 Table 10: Constitutional Powers and Functions of National and State Governments .............................. 39 Table 11: Housing Classification System ................................................................................................. 44 Table 12: Population Growth in Greater Khartoum ................................................................................. 49 Table 13: Khartoum Projected Population Growth .................................................................................. 51 Table 14: Population of Khartoum State Localities .................................................................................. 52 Table 15: Roles and Responsibilities for Service Delivery in Khartoum ................................................. 53 Table 16: Khartoum Master Plans ............................................................................................................ 55 Table 17: Geographical Expansion of Greater Khartoum ........................................................................ 56 Table 18: State of Urban Infrastructure in Khartoum ............................................................................... 57 Table 19: 2009 Khartoum State Budget.................................................................................................... 61 Table 20: 2009 Budget for Khartoum Localities ...................................................................................... 62 Table 21: Population Growth in Nyala ..................................................................................................... 63 Table 22: Roles and Responsibilities for Service Delivery in Nyala ........................................................ 67 Table 23: Supply of Residential Plots in Nyala ........................................................................................ 68 Table 24: Land Utilization in Nyala, 1997 ............................................................................................... 69 Table 25: State of Urban Infrastructure in Nyala...................................................................................... 69 Boxes Box 1: Density and Economic Growth ....................................................................................................