THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT CH80/10 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: USEFUL WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS OR RELICS? AUTHORS: Robert JANSSEN and Hubert CHANSON HYDRAULIC MODEL REPORTS This report is published by the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Lists of recently-published titles of this series and of other publications are provided at the end of this report. Requests for copies of any of these documents should be addressed to the Civil Engineering Secretary. The interpretation and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author(s). Considerable care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the material presented. Nevertheless, responsibility for the use of this material rests with the user. School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 AUSTRALIA Telephone: (61 7) 3365 3619 Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599 URL: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/ First published in 2010 by School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia © Janssen and Chanson This book is copyright ISBN No. 9781742720159 The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: USEFUL WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS OR RELICS? by Robert JANSSEN and Hubert CHANSON Proceedings of the Third International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures (IJREWHS'10), held on 2-3 May 2010 in Edinburgh, Scotland Edited by Robert JANSSEN and Hubert CHANSON Report CH80/10 School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia November 2010 ISBN 9781742720159 Photograph of a water diversion structure for hydropower on the Ai-lia-ci River upstream of Shueimen township, Sandimen (Pingtung county, Taiwan) (Photograph H. CHANSON) i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of contents ii Hydraulic Structures: Useful Water Harvesting Systems or Relics? Foreword / Préface v by Robert JANSSEN and Hubert CHANSON Photographs of the workshop and field trip ix Organising committee xiii Acknowledgements xiii Organising Institutions, Sponsor and Supporting Organisations xiv Statistical Summary xiv List of the Workshop Participants xv List of Expert Reviewers xvi Keynote lecture Assessment of Different Experimental Techniques to Investigate the Hydraulic Jump: Do They Lead to the Same Results? 3 by Frédéric MURZYN Technical papers Hydraulic Performance of Labyrinth Weirs 39 by Brian M. CROOKSTON and Blake P. TULLIS Hydraulic Behaviour of Piano Key Weirs: Experimental Approach 47 by Olivier MACHIELS, S. ERPICUM, P. ARCHAMBEAU, B.J. DEWALS and M. PIROTTON Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Wivenhoe dam spillway in operation 56 Flow Characteristics along USBR Type III Stilling Basins Downstream of Steep Stepped Spillways 57 by Inês MEIRELES, Jorge MATOS and Armando SILVA-AFONSO El Chaparral Dam Model: Rooster Tail Formation on High Sloped Spillway 65 by Iacopo CARNACINA, Sahameddin MAHMOUDI KURDISTANI, Michele ii PALERMO and Stefano PAGLIARA Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Tillot dam stepped spillway and Chaffey dam spillway 74 Pressure Distribution on Plunge Pool Scour 75 by Michele PALERMO, Iacopo CARNACINA, Dipankar ROY and Stefano PAGLIARA Discharge Capacity of Circular Orifices Arranged at a Flume Bottom 85 by Ricardo MARTINS, Jorge LEANDRO and Rita CARVALHO Physical Model Investigations of Ships Passing Through a Lock 93 by Nils B. KERPEN, Daniel B. BUNG and Torsten SCHLURMANN Outlet Structures of Large Pumped-Storage Power Stations 101 by Thomas MOHRINGER and Franz NESTMANN Air Vortices and Sediment Transport in a Cooling Water Intake 109 by Georg HEINZ, Mario OERTEL and Daniel B. BUNG Bridge Piers in Mobile Beds: Visualization and Characterization of the Flow in the Scour Hole 117 by Helena I. S. NOGUEIRA, Mário J. FRANCA and Rui M.L. FERREIRA Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Sakuma dam spillway 126 Scouring Prevention by Employing an Adjoined Disc to Cylindrical Monopiles 127 by Farhad NAZARPOUR and Torsten SCHLURMANN Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Sabo check dams in Jogangi River catchment 136 Mesoscopic Modeling of Dam-Break Flows 137 by Silvia DI FRANCESCO, Chiara BISCARINI and Piergiorgio MANCIOLA Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Sipan dam on the Liwu River and water diversion structure on the Ai-lia-ci River 146 Transport of Dispersed Phase in Civil Engineering: Unification of the Mathematical Description 147 iii by François KERGER, B.J. DEWALS, P. ARCHAMBEAU, S. ERPICUM and M. PIROTTON Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Check dam on the Cardoso River 156 Hydraulic Structures Design Data Provided by GIS Tools and Hydrologic Modelling – the Case of Aljezur Basin 157 by João JACOB, Rita CARVALHO, Luís DAVID and Nuno CHARNECA Session Reports Session TS1a 167 Session TS1b 169 Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Physical models of the Barriga and Alqeva dam spillway systems 172 Session TS2a 173 Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Wivenhoe reservoir during a severe drought 176 Session TS2b 177 Session TS3a 179 Hydraulic Structure Photographs - Surfing a hydraulic jump 182 Session TS3b 183 Index of Contributors 187 Bibliographic reference of the Report CH80/10 189 iv HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: USEFUL WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS OR RELICS? FOREWORD / PRÉFACE by Robert JANSSEN and Hubert CHANSON Throughout the ages, the construction of hydraulic structures has supported the development of human civilisation. Around 3000 BC, masonry dams on the Nile provided irrigation water in Egypt, while in Mesopotamia canals were built for irrigation, draining swamps and transportation [2, 3, 5]. The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rapid development of water supply systems in response to the industrial development and the needs for reliable water supply [4, 7, 8] (Fig. 1 & 2). More recently, the 1940s to 1970s saw a worldwide boom in large water projects, mainly for consumption, irrigation, transport, hydropower and flood protection [3]. For example, the California Central Valley Project, built between 1933 and 1970, provides irrigation water to over 1.2 million hectares and generates over 1 million kW of power [3]. The rate of construction of new water projects in Europe and North America has dropped during the last few decades, and many of the original water harvesting system mega projects are now near, or even past, their original intended design lives. The question therefore arises whether the existing systems are redundant relics from the past that have reached their sell-by date, or do they still have an important role to play in modern society? In the future, water scarcity may become the single most important development problem faced by mankind. The rate of increase in water use outstrips the rate of population growth, and as global population grows from 6 billion to 9 billion people by 2050 as estimated, the total water use is estimated to increase from about 5,500 km3/year to 25,000 km3/year [6]. To meet this demand, some innovative approaches to design, construction and operation of water harvesting systems are therefore needed. In fact, VEIGA DA CUNHA [6] observed that there is a belief that there will be greater changes in how we manage our limited water resources during the next 20 years than there have been in the last 2,000 years. The high level of activity, even at a junior engineer and researcher level, in scientific meetings on hydraulic structures demonstrates that water harvesting systems are highly relevant to modern day needs. In these proceedings, the topics presented are driven by an urgent demand for practical solutions to real-world problems involving design, construction, maintenance and operation of systems for water management and water harvesting. It is clear that the demands on hydraulic structures are now imposed by a wide range of stakeholders, and the papers contained herein cover applications including flood protection, stormwater management, navigation, industrial water consumption, infrastructure, and energy dissipation. v Fig. 1 - The Paty dam (Barrage du Paty) in Caromb (France) in 1994 (Photograph H. CHANSON) - Gravity dam completed in 1766 in the Lauron valley Fig. 2 - Goulburn weir (Australia) on 30 Jan. 2000 (Photograph H. CHANSON) - Flow rate: Q = 5.2 m3/s, Step height: h = 0.5 m - Gravity overflow weir completed in 1891 on the Goulburn River (Victoria) vi The First and Second International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshops on Hydraulic Structures were organised by the IAHR Hydraulic Structures Technical Committee, jointly with the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) and the Portuguese Water Resources Association (APRH) in 2006, and with the University of Pisa (Italy) in 2008. The growing success of this series of events led to the organisation of the Third International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures (IJREWHS'10) (Fig. 3 and 4). The IJREWHS'10 was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 2-3 May 2010. A half-day technical tour included the visit to Glenkinchie distillery and the "Falkirk Wheel" boat lift (Fig. 5). The IJREWHS'10 workshop addressed both conventional and innovative aspects of hydraulic structures, their design, operation, rehabilitation and interactions with the environment. The workshop provided an opportunity for young researchers and engineers, typically post-graduate students, but also young researchers and engineers in both public and private sectors, to present ideas, plans, and preliminary results of their own research in an inspiring, friendly, co-operative, and non-competitive environment. The event was attended by 20 junior participants and by a number of national