Contents Table of Cases xi Table of Authorities xvii Biographical Notes on Selected U.S. Supreme Court Justices xxiii I. THE CONSTITUTION AND THE SUPREME COURT 1 E. “Case or Controversy” Requirements and the Passive Virtues 1 Gill v. Whitford 1 Rucho v. Common Cause 20 II. FEDERALISM AT WORK: CONGRESS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 53 D. State Regulation of Interstate Commerce 53 E. Preemption 55 III. THE SCOPE OF CONGRESS’S POWERS: TAXING AND SPENDING, WAR POWERS, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, AND STATE AUTONOMY 57 D. The Tenth Amendment as a Federalism-Based Limitation on Congressional Power 57 vii Contents IV. THE DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL POWERS 61 A. Introduction 61 B. Case Study: Presidential Seizure 62 C. Foreign Affairs 65 D. Domestic Affairs 69 Trump v. Vance 71 Trump v. Mazars, USA 91 Gundy v. United States 103 Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Commission 113 V. EQUALITY AND THE CONSTITUTION 129 C. Equal Protection Methodology: Heightened Scrutiny and the Problem of Race 129 D. Equal Protection Methodology: Heightened Scrutiny and the Problem of Gender 134 E. Equal Protection Methodology: The Problem of Sexual Orientation 136 VI. IMPLIED FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 139 The Due Process Clause and the Incorporation Controversy 139 D. Substantive Due Process 140 E. Fundamental Interest and the Equal Protection Clause 142 F. Modern Substantive Due Process: Privacy, Personhood, and Family 143 G. Procedural Due Process 147 H. The Contracts and Takings Clauses 149 viii Contents VII. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 153 A. Introduction 153 B. Content-Based Restrictions: Dangerous Ideas and Information 154 C. Overbreadth, Vagueness, and Prior Restraint 159 D. Content-Based Restrictions: Low Value Speech 160 Iancu v. Brunetti 162 E. Content-Neutral Restrictions: Limitations on the Means of Communication and the Problem of Content Neutrality 168 F. Freedom of the Press 186 VIII. THE CONSTITUTION AND RELIGION 195 A. Introduction: Historical and Analytical Overview 195 B. The Establishment Clause 197 2. The Nonendorsement Principle, History’s Relevance, and De Facto Establishments 198 American Legion v. American Humanist Association 205 Trump v. Hawaii 225 C. The Free Exercise Clause: Required Accommodations 240 D. Permissible Accommodation 243 Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm’n 243 E. Free Exercise, Free Speech, and the Right of Expressive Association 248 ix Contents IX. STATE ACTION, BASELINES, AND THE PROBLEM OF PRIVATE POWER 249 D. Constitutionally Required Departures from Neutrality 249 Manhattan Community Access Corporation v. Halleck 249 x.