Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey Prepared for: City of Berkeley Department of Planning and Development City of Berkeley 2120 Milvia St. Berkeley, CA 94704 Attn: Sally Zarnowitz, Principal Planner Secretary to the Landmarks Preservation Commission 05.28.2015 FINAL (Revised 09.15.2015) ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE, LLC PO Box 1332 San José, CA 95109-1332 http://www.archivesandarchitecture.com Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey ACKNOWLEDGMENT The activity which is the subject of this historic context has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, through the California Office of Historic Preservation. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in departmental federally‐assisted programs on the basis of race, color, sex, age, disability, or national origin. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service P.O. Box 37127 Washington, DC 20013‐7127 Cover image: USGS Aerial excerpt, Microsoft Corporation ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE 2 Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Background to this Study ............................................................................................................ 5 Study Area .................................................................................................................................. 6 Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Summary of Findings ................................................................................................................ 11 Historical Background ................................................................................................................... 12 Early History ............................................................................................................................. 13 Spanish Period (1777-1821) ..................................................................................................... 13 Mexican Period (1822–1846) .................................................................................................... 14 Early American (1847-1875) ..................................................................................................... 15 Thematic Evolution of the City – Commerce and Transportation in Downtown Berkeley ............. 19 The 1870s ................................................................................................................................. 19 The 1880-90s ........................................................................................................................... 21 The 1890s ................................................................................................................................. 21 The 1900s ................................................................................................................................. 24 The 1910s ................................................................................................................................. 28 The 1920s ................................................................................................................................. 31 The 1930s ................................................................................................................................. 34 The 1940s ................................................................................................................................. 37 The 1950s and Beyond ............................................................................................................. 38 Commerce-Related Secondary Themes in the Downtown ....................................................... 40 Commerce and the Built Environment – Thematic Architectural Context ..................................... 42 Commercial Building Types ...................................................................................................... 42 Design Styles ............................................................................................................................ 45 Significance and Architecture Type and Style .......................................................................... 49 Integrity of Design in a Historic District ..................................................................................... 50 Architects .................................................................................................................................. 50 Methodology of Cultural Resource Management.......................................................................... 64 General Framework .................................................................................................................. 64 Project Methodology ................................................................................................................. 65 Evaluation ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Naming ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Criteria and Period of Significance (1895-1958) ....................................................................... 66 ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE 3 Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey District Boundaries.................................................................................................................... 67 Contributors and Non-Contributors ........................................................................................... 73 Sources of Information ................................................................................................................. 74 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................................... 74 Governmental Guidelines, Standards, Inventories ................................................................... 74 Published Resources ................................................................................................................ 75 Websites ................................................................................................................................... 76 Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix A: Regulatory Framework ......................................................................................... 77 Appendix B: Table of Properties ............................................................................................... 77 Appendix C: DPR523 series forms for individual properties ..................................................... 77 Appendix A: Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................. 78 City of Berkeley Policies and Regulations ................................................................................ 78 Other Registration Programs .................................................................................................... 80 Appendix B: Table of Properties ................................................................................................... 83 ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE 4 Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey Introduction Introduction Background to this Study Downtown Berkeley is as vibrant today as it has been for over one hundred years. The compact core of commercial buildings has remained intact for a century, and maintains the sense of a special urban place that is clearly understood as “Downtown Berkeley.” This sense of place exists today, notwithstanding changes that have occurred to individual properties since World War II—changes that have modernized and rehabilitated many of the aging buildings built during the early parts of the twentieth century. The introduction of the Bay Area Rapid Transit to the city’s core 45 years ago helped to divert a decline that had started to occur with the loss of rail mass transit to Downtown Berkeley in the late 1950s. This decline was happening in other older San Francisco Bay Area city centers as well. The post-war period of rapid suburbanization within the metropolitan Bay Area saw many inner city areas such as Oakland, San José, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale gutted of their historic identity as the vitality of their