State Veterinarian’s Update Peter Mundschenk DVM Welcome To SVO R ‘n’ R aka State Vet’s Office Responsibilities & Resources Responsibilities Boiled Down… • Disease Control • Animal & Public Health Concerns • Slaughter Inspections Underlying Principles • Prevention of Certain Diseases • Entry Requirements that Prevent Introduction • Surveillance • Monitoring Various Populations • Historical Control Programs • Identification and Testing Updates on diseases that do or could affect Arizona • Vesicular Stomatitis update • West Nile Virus update • Rabies • Cattle Fever • Equine Piroplasmosis • Avian Influenza • TB • Glanders • Q-Fever Vesicular Stomatitis Culicoides sp. Horses and Neurological Disease Rabies RABIES VACCINATION AND QUARANTINE GUIDELINES UPDATED Cattle Fever Tick –Rhipicephalus sp R. Annulatus and R. microplus transmit Babesia bovis which attacks and destroys red blood cells causing anemia and death loss in cattle herds Nilgai Antelope in Texas Equine Piroplasmosis EP is a tick-borne disease caused by the parasites Babesia caballi and Theilertia • Not seen naturally in US so considered FAD • Since 2009 have tested 320,332 horses and found 342 positive horses. • The disease is transmitted via tick bites or through mechanical transmission. Because the disease spreads through contact with blood, EP can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, contaminated needles and other skin-penetrating instruments. • Anocentor (Dermacentor) nitens, found in the southern United States. • D. albipictus, the winter tick; D. variabilis, the American dog tick; and Boophilus microplus, the southern or tropical cattle tick have been experimentally infected. Humans as vectors – Avian Influenza 2016 Indiana Turkey 2017 Tennessee – Alabama -Georgia 2018 Missouri LPAI Broiler breeders Combinations of LPAI and HPAI Idaho Backyard LPAI Tuberculosis Still cropping up in US. Both Beef and Dairy herds. Trace to Arizona last summer rest of animals tested negative. Glanders • Foreign Animal Disease. • Found in Mexico. • Agent Burkholderia mallei, a clonal gram-negative facultative intracellular obligate pathogen • Nasal, Pulmonary and cutaneous form may look like strangles. • Zoonotic if undiagnosed and treated death in 7-14 days. Q Fever Query Fever a Zoonosis The Organism Coxiella burnetii Rickettsial agent Obligate intracellular bacteria Stable and resistant Killed by pasteurization Animal Disease Sheep, cattle, goats Usually asymptomatic, inapparent Reproductive failure Abortions, stillbirths Retained placenta Infertility Weak newborns Low birth weights Mastitis in dairy cattle Carrier state Transmission is animal to animal Animal Disease Other animal species Dogs, cats, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, pigeons, other fowl Asymptomatic Reproductive failure Laboratory Animals Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters Varies from asymptomatic to fever, granulomas, or death Even ixodid (hard) ticks Morbidity of Animals Prevalence unknown Endemic areas (such as CA) 18-55% of sheep with antibodies 82% of dairy cattle 2007 dairy study reported 77% if 528 dairy operations positive bulk milk tank samples Morbidity in sheep Abortion in 5-50% of flock Not veterinary problem History 1935 1st described in Queensland, Australia Found in ticks in Montana Outbreaks Among military troops When present in areas with infected animals Cities and towns Downwind from farms By roads traveled by animals Q Fever as a Biological Weapon Accessibility Low infectious dose Stable in the environment Aerosol transmission WHO estimate 5 kg agent released on 5 million persons 125,000 ill - 150 deaths Could travel downwind for over 20 km In Arizona it is classified as a reportable disease (within 4 hrs of diagnosis) Spreading the Love??? Aerobiology?? Transmission to Humans Inhalation of dusts/droplets Birthing fluids 109 bacteria per gram of placenta Urine, feces, milk Wind-borne Direct contact Fomites Ingestion Arthropods (ticks) Transmission Person-to-person (rare) Transplacental (congenital) Blood transfusions Bone marrow transplants Intradermal inoculation Possibly sexually transmitted Documented in guinea pigs and other animals in the laboratory Reported case among Polish sheep shearers Milazzo,A., Hall, R., et al. CID 2001;33:399-402 Human Disease Incubation: 2-5 weeks or 14-60 days One organism may cause disease Humans are dead-end hosts Usually show clinical signs of illness Disease Asymptomatic (50%) Acute Chronic Each has different evolution , serological profiles and treatments Acute Infection Flu-like, febrile, self limiting Severe fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, sweats Atypical pneumonia (30-50%) Non-productive cough, chest pain Acute respiratory distress possible Hepatitis Skin rash (10%) Other signs (< 1%) Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningoencephalitis Death: 1-2% Epidemiology Occupational and environmental hazards Farmers, producers Veterinarians and technicians Meat processors, abattoir Laboratory workers Large Animal Case Male dairy farmer Age 46 Sudden onset . Fever, chills, cough . Weight loss Initially thought it was influenza Symptoms persisted for 2 weeks Presented to emergency room Again influenza was the diagnosis Large Animal Case Referral to infectious disease specialist Tested positive for Q fever Antibiotics for 5 days Resolved in 2 weeks Epidemiology No recent calvings on his farm Two beef cattle herds across the road 2 out of 14 tested positive for Q fever Small Animal Case 1985, Nova Scotia, Canada 33 cases of Q fever 25 were exposed to cat 17 developed cough 14 developed pneumonia Most common symptoms Fever, sweats, chills, fatigue, myalgia, headache Cat tested positive for C. burnetii 1:152 to phase I antigen 1:1024 to phase II antigen Prevention and Control Education on sources of infection Good husbandry Disposal of birth products (incinerate) Only pasteurized milk and milk products Counsel persons at highest risk for developing chronic Q fever Questions? State Veterinarian’s Office 602-542-4293 [email protected].