UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE POLITICAL CONSUMERISM AND REMOTE-PILOTED PASSENGER AIRCAFT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ANDREW KEOLA KEAHIOLALO Norman, Oklahoma 2018 POLITICAL CONSUMERISM AND REMOTE-PILOTED AIRCRAFT A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ______________________________ Dr. Lori Snyder, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Kirby Gilliland, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Randa Shehab ______________________________ Dr. Jorge Mendoza ______________________________ Dr. Tim Davidson © Copyright by ANDREW KEOLA KEAHIOLALO 2018 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements To Antje Keahiolalo, for the support: morale, financial, and critical; for the incredibly thorough and countless readthroughs, refurbishments, and rewrites; for delaying the fruition of your life plans so I might reach for a life-goal milestone; and for ultimately putting up with me in those unique ways a wife with your capacity so elegantly does, Ich möchte mich recht herzlish bedanken sehr. To Dr. Kirby Gilliland, for all the reasons a floundering student is indebted to a mentor of such caliber, for sticking with me through the challenges we hurdled when, as far as I can see, there was no motivation to do so except for the belief that, with guidance, I could succeed, and for being for me the example of how to personally define perseverance, you have my sincere and permanent gratitude. To Dr. Jessica Bellinger, for the many draft reads, for the open-ended soundboard discussions over the chess board and coffee, for managing my health and recovery, and for helping me keep my heart and my head focused over the years, I owe you a debt of gratitude I can never repay, though I will continue to try. To Dr. Susan Sharp, Dr. Lori Anderson-Snyder, Dr. Jorge Mendoza, Dr. Randa Shehab, Dr. Tim Davidson, and Karen Thurston for your collective input in strengthening this project and for the times you individually invested your support by providing to me your genuine insights, thank you. You touch peoples’ lives in their climb to the peak of difficulty in lasting modus that is mirrored only by your channeling of their efforts. Mine is no different. To ADS-B Technologies, LLC in Anchorage, Alaska, for permission to use some of their figures and graphics in this manuscript, you have my heartfelt thanks. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Human Error & Pilot Fatigue ..................................................................................... 3 Research Problem ..................................................................................................... 10 Review of Relevant Research ......................................................................................... 12 Timing ...................................................................................................................... 13 Parallels in Automobile Automation ........................................................................ 16 Automation vs. Remote Piloting. ....................................................................... 17 Challenges in Automobile Automation .............................................................. 18 Proactive Navigation and Reactive Response .................................................... 18 The Legacy Air Traffic Management (ATM) System ............................................. 19 Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) ........................................................... 20 Airways ............................................................................................................... 21 Route Planning ................................................................................................... 26 Navigation .......................................................................................................... 29 Holding ............................................................................................................... 34 Step-Downs ........................................................................................................ 37 Voice Communication ........................................................................................ 41 The Next Step Forward ............................................................................................ 45 v Controller to Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) ................................... 47 Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) ................................ 48 Required Navigation Performance (RNP) .......................................................... 51 Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) .................................................................. 52 Flight Time & Crew Rest ......................................................................................... 57 Dispatchers ......................................................................................................... 58 Flight Attendants ................................................................................................ 59 Pilots ................................................................................................................ 60 Fatigue, Alcohol, Precision, and Emergencies ................................................... 65 Political Consumerism .............................................................................................. 69 Changing Population Attitude .................................................................................. 71 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 75 Research Question One (RQ1) ............................................................................ 76 Research Question Two (RQ2) ........................................................................... 76 Research Question Three (RQ3) ......................................................................... 77 Research Question Four (RQ4) ........................................................................... 77 Method ............................................................................................................................ 78 Participants ............................................................................................................... 78 United States Residents ...................................................................................... 78 Aviophobic Participants ..................................................................................... 78 Aviation Professionals ........................................................................................ 79 Sample Size ........................................................................................................ 80 Data Collection Method ........................................................................................... 81 vi Non-Random Recruitment .................................................................................. 81 Survey Host ........................................................................................................ 83 Storage, Security, & Retrieval ............................................................................ 84 Survey Instrument and Procedure ............................................................................ 85 Validity Section .................................................................................................. 85 Treatment Section ............................................................................................... 86 Conditions Section .............................................................................................. 90 Results ............................................................................................................................ 93 Equalizing Group Sizes ............................................................................................ 94 Statistical Assumptions ...................................................................................... 95 Analysis of Variance ................................................................................................ 96 Multiple Comparisons Tests ............................................................................... 96 Effect Size ................................................................................................................ 97 Threats and Limitations ............................................................................................ 98 Non-Random Recruitment & Parametric Statistics ............................................ 98 Age Bias ........................................................................................................... 100 Heteroscedasticity & Unequal Group Sizes ....................................................