The National Security Archive The George Washington University Phone: 202/994-7000 Gelman Library, Suite 701 Fax: 202/994-7005 2130 H Street, N.W. www.nsarchive.org Washington, D.C. 20037 [email protected] Annual Report for 2006 The following statistics provide a performance index of the Archive’s work in 2006: ♦ Freedom of Information and declassification requests filed – 2,233 ♦ Freedom of Information and declassification appeals filed – 549 ♦ Pages of U.S. government documents released as the result of Archive requests – 89,153, including such newsmaking revelations as the unjustifiable reclassification of the long-public numbers of U.S. strategic bombers and missiles deployed during the 1960s and 1970s; documents that reveal that the Nixon administration came to a nuclear understanding with Golda Meir and ended American pressure for Israel to end its nuclear program; a declassified After Action report from the April 1999 Desert Crossing war games concluding that an invasion and post-war administration of Iraq would require 400,000 troops to stabilize the country following the removal of Saddam Hussein; and Veterans Administration reports indicate 1 in 4 veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are filing disability claims. ♦ Pages of declassified documents delivered to publisher – 8,386, in one reference collection: U.S. Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction: From World War II to Iraq (Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest Information & Learning/ Chadwyck-Healey, 2006) ♦ Books published by Archive staff and fellows–6 From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980-1981 by Andrzej Paczkowski and Malcolm Byrne (Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, 2006, 548 pp.); Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea by Jeffrey T. Richelson (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006, 702 pp.); Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA by John Prados (Chicago, Illinois: Ivan R. Dee, 2006, 696 pp.); War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat perceptions in the East and West by Vojtech Mastny, Sven G. Holtsmark and Andreas Wenger (London and New York: Routledge, 2006, 310 pp.); Ku zwycięstwu “Solidarności”: Korespondencja Ambasady USA w Warszawie z Departamentem Stanu styczeń - wrzesień 1989 (Toward the Victory of Solidarity: Correspondence between the American Embassy in Warsaw and the State Department, January -September 1989) (Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych, 2006, 419 pp.); Vlast i dissidenty iz dokumentov KGB i TsK KPSS (Power and Dissidence from the Documents of the KGB and CCCPSU)( Moscow Helsinki Group, 2006, 280 pp.) ♦ Electronic Books published by Archive staff and fellows – 44, bringing the Web site total to 219 ♦ Research requests to the Archive by letter – 15 ♦ Research requests to the Archive by e-mail – 2,300 ♦ Research requests to the Archive by phone – 1,600 ♦ Visiting researchers at the Archive’s reading room in GWU’s Gelman Library – 583 ♦ Pages photocopied from Archive collections by visiting researchers – 23,124 ♦ Unique visitors to the Archive Web site – more than 2,610,399 ♦ Successful downloads from the Archive’s Web site – 27,156,775 ♦ Pages in html downloaded from the Archive’s Web site – 13,771,724 (37,731 html pages per day) ♦ Bytes downloaded from the Archive’s Web site – 4,704 Gigabytes (12.8 GB per day, equivalent to 430,000 pdf pages per day) ♦ Radio and TV transcripts of Archive staff interviews found on Lexis-Nexis – 68 ♦ News stories citing the Archive on Factiva (formerly Dow Jones Interactive) and Lexis-Nexis – 714 ♦ Foreign countries where Archive staff were quoted in newspapers and broadcast news – 14 (Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Uruguay) January 2006: East Timor’s Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) delivered its final report to the United Nations on January 20, after a delay of more than a month because of the politics of Timor’s relationship with Indonesia. The CAVR report relied on more than 1,000 declassified documents collected by Archive Indonesia-East Timor Project director Brad Simpson, and came to the conclusion that U.S. “political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation” of East Timor from 1975 to 1999. The report estimated that up to 180,000 East Timorese were killed by Indonesian troops or died of forced starvation. To encourage the subsequent public release of the report, the Archive posted the “Responsibility” chapter on the Web together with key documents, and sparked extensive news coverage of the CAVR findings in the Washington Post and internationally. Also in January, Archive research associate Kristin Adair made headlines around the world by posting on the Web Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld’s 2003 directive titled “Information Operations Roadmap,” which the Archive had obtained through the FOIA. The previously secret document candidly admitted that the Pentagon’s propaganda overseas, which is prohibited by law from targeting Americans at home, “increasingly is consumed by our domestic audience,” but proposed no specific restrictions for minimizing blowback. The document generated major stories by the AP and Reuters, and a detailed report in the Los Angeles Times concluded that a Pentagon program paying Iraqi newspapers to publish articles favorable to the American mission in Iraq appeared to violate the Rumsfeld directive. February 2006: On February 4, Archive director Thomas Blanton added significant historical context to the raging national debate over warrantless wiretapping ordered by President Bush after 9/11. Blanton posted on the Web declassified documents from the Gerald Ford Library showing how Ford’s White House counsel and attorney general decided against arguments such as those cited by President Bush, and put the Ford administration on record in favor of regulating wiretaps through the statute (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, or FISA) that ultimately passed in 1978. The documents revealed that the Ford administration had engaged in a major internal debate featuring some of the same actors making decisions today. Then-Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, then-CIA director George H.W. Bush, and then-Secretary of State Kissinger – all objected to having a statute govern wiretapping; but their objections were overcome by White House counsel Philip Buchen and Attorney General Edward Levi, who argued that having a statute and a warrant process would protect the telecom companies from liability and ensure that courts would admit the evidence gained from such wiretapping. “Yogi Berra was right: It’s déja vu all over again… It’s the same debate” said Blanton in a February 4 Associated Press story. After the wiretapping story broke in December 2005, the Archive filed a FOIA lawsuit, together with the ACLU and the Electronic Privacy Information Center, for the Justice Department’s legal documents justifying the program; and a March 9 release by Justice made headlines with a former official’s e-mail back to the Department describing the government’s legal defenses as “weak” and “slightly after-the-fact.” On February 21, the Archive’s investigation with historian Matthew Aid drew front page notice in The New York Times revealing that the CIA and the intelligence agencies were running a secret program that had reclassified and impounded over 55,000 pages of historic records from the open shelves at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Because other agencies had released 25-year-old documents without CIA getting the chance to review them, CIA led a covert effort to define the documents as “inadvertent releases” and make them secret once again, despite the fact that many 2 were 50 years old and had been widely published or photocopied. Archive visiting fellow Matthew Aid uncovered the secret document review when he noticed that dozens of documents he had previously copied had been withdrawn from NARA’s open shelves, including embarrassing Korean War-era items describing the CIA’s intelligence failure to predict Chinese intervention (the Archive featured 20 of the reclassified documents in the Web posting edited by Aid on February 21). In response to the massive publicity (including network television stories and an NPR “All Things Considered” interview with Archive director Thomas Blanton), the Archivist of the U.S. (Allen Weinstein) declared a moratorium on the reclassification program and commissioned a detailed audit by the Information Security Oversight Office, which oversees government classification policy. On February 26, the Archive made headlines in Mexico (Universal, La Jornada, Proceso, Reforma) and in the U.S. (New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, AP) by posting on the Web the leaked report of the special prosecutor (Fiscalia) appointed by President Fox in 2002 to investigate Mexico’s “dirty war” of the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s. Although the report’s authors had submitted their draft to the prosecutor in December 2005 and copies were circulating among Mexico’s elite, no official release had been forthcoming, suggesting what Archive Mexico project director Kate Doyle called “a state of affairs reminiscent of Mexico’s past, when citizens were routinely shut out of civic participation by a government determined to keep them in the dark.” Posting the draft report also pre-empted possible censorship by the government, while also opening the text to critical commentary and analysis by scholars and human rights