LITERATURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY CONTESTING AMERICAN IDENTITIES SUB G6ttingen 7 IWlllllllIIillH217 188 818 l > 91 2004 A 1748 \j Joseph T. Skerrett, Jr. University of Massachusetts at Amherst THE LONGMAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE SERIES General Editor: Charles I. Schuster, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee New York San Francisco Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal CONTENTS Foreword ix Acknowledgments XII Introduction 1 The Concept of This Book 9 PART I. FRAMING THE PEOPLE: DEFINITIONS AND CONTESTATIONS 11 Introduction to Part I 11 l. VALUES: INVITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 13 Thomas Jefferson et al. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 15 Thomas Jefferson from NOTES ON THE STATE OF VIRGINIA 19 Hector St. John de Crevecoeur LETTER III from LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN FARMER 2 4 from THE IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1790 36 Benjamin Franklin "ADVICE TO SUCH AS WOULD REMOVE TO AMERICA" 3 7 SLAVE AUCTION NOTICE 43 Frances E. W. Harper "THE SLAVE AUCTION" 44 Frederick Douglass INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH 45 Abraham Lincoln THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 49 from INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1837 50 Red Jacket 1805 ORATION OF RED JACKET 52 Gertrude Bonnin/Zitkala-Sa from "THE SCHOOL DAYS OF AN INDIAN GIRL" 5 5 iv I CONTENTS 2. IMMIGRANTS AND ATTITUDES 65 James M. McPherson "ANTI-NEGRO MOB VIOLENCE IN THE NORTH, 1862-63" 67 G. F. Streckfuss from DER AUSWANDERER NACH AMERICA 72 "No IRISH NEED APPLY" SIGN AND SONG 73 SONGS FROM GOLD MOUNTAIN 74 Maxine Hong Kingston from CHINA MEN 75 Edith Maude Eaton (Sui Sin Far) "IN THE LAND OF THE FREE" 80 Jacob Riis from How THE OTHER HALF LIVES 86 Abraham Cahan "A GHETTO WEDDING" 90 Henry James from THE AMERICAN SCENE 100 Constantine M. Panunzio from THE SOUL OF AN IMMIGRANT 111 Eva Hoffman from LOST IN TRANSLATION: LIFE IN A NEW LANGUAGE 115 Chitra Divakaruni "INDIAN MOVIE, NEW JERSEY" 127 3. CITIZENS BY CONQUEST 131 from THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO 133 John Caldwell Calhoun from SPEECH, JANUARY 4TH, 1848 135 Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton from THE SQUATTER AND THE DON 144 A CORRIDO: "THE BALLAD OF GREGORIO CORTEZ" 157 Pat Mora "IMMIGRANTS" 161 Stephen Sondheim SONG LYRIC: "AMERICA" from WEST SIDE STORY 162 Jesus Colon "BITTER SUGAR: WHY PUERTO RICANS LEAVE HOME" 164 Mark Twain "To THE PERSON SITTING IN DARKNESS" 167 Bienvenido Nuqui Santos "IMMIGRATION BLUES" 178 PART II. ACTIONS OF MEMORY: MAKING ETHNIC & RACIAL IDENTITIES 189 Introduction to Part II 189 1. MEMORY AND HISTORY 191 Robert Hayden "RUNAGATE, RUNAGATE" 193 Lorraine Hansberry from THE DRINKING GOURD 195 W. E. B. Du Bois "OF OUR SPIRITUAL STRIVINGS" 205 CONTENTS | David Henry Hwang THE DANCE AND THE RAILROAD 210 Countee Cullen "INCIDENT" 232 CIVIL RIGHTS PHOTOGRAPHY 233 Cyras Cassells "SOUL MAKE A PATH THROUGH SHOUTING" 234 Norman Rockwell SATURDAY EVENING POST COVER: "THE PROBLEM WE ALL LIVE WITH" 236 EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 237 Hisaye Yamamoto "THE LEGEND OF MISS SASAGAWARA" 238 James Houston and Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston from FAREWELL TO MANZANAR 248 Garrett Hongo "SOMETHING WHISPERED IN THE SHAKUHACHf 252 Lorna Dee Cervantes "POEMA PARA LOS CALIFORNIOS MUERTOS" 255 Luis Valdez Los VENDIDOS 256 2. RESENTMENTS AND NOSTALGIAS 265 AUNT JEMIMA ADVERTISEMENT 267 Alice Childress from LIKE ONE OF THE FAMILY 267 John A. Williams "SON IN THE AFTERNOON" 271 CIGAR STORE INDIAN STATUE 276 Diane Burns "SURE YOU CAN ASK ME A PERSONAL QUESTION" 277 Paula Gunn Allen "WHERE I COME FROM Is LIKE THIS" 278 Leslie Marmon Silko "THE MAN TO SEND RAIN CLOUDS" 283 John Fante "THE ODYSSEY OF A WOP" 287 Lloyd Van Brunt "WHITES WITHOUT MONEY" 296 Nicholasa Mohr "THE ENGLISH LESSON" 298 Lawson Fusao Inada "KICKING THE HABIT" 308 GinaValdes "ENGLISH CON SALSA" 312 ENGLISH-ONLY CAMPAIGN 313 3. TRANSITION AND TRANSCENDENCE: CONNECTING PAST AND FUTURE 315 Ralph Fasanella PAINTING: "SUBWAY RIDERS" 317 Monica Krawczyk "FOR DIMES AND QUARTERS" 317 Adrienne Rich from "SPLIT AT THE ROOT: AN ESSAY ON JEWISH IDENTITY" 325 Paule Marshall "To DA-DUH, IN MEMORIAM" 333 CONTENTS Louise Erdrich "THE BINGO VAN" 340 JoyHarjo "REMEMBER" 351 Hanay Geiogamah FOGHORN 352 Martin Espada "IMAGINE THE ANGELS OF BREAD" 3 70 Rudolfo Anaya "IN SEARCH OF EPIFANO" 372 PART III. RECONSTITUT(ION)ING THE NATION: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 377 Introduction to Part III 377 1. DESIRES AND IDENTITIES 379 MINSTRELSY MUSIC COVER 381 Paul Laurence Dunbar "SYMPATHY" 382 Itabari Njeri "WHAT'S IN A NAME?" 383 Julia Fields "HIGH ON THE HOG" 387 Studs Terkel AN INTERVIEW WITH FRANK CHIN 390 Toshio Mori "JAPANESE HAMLET" 394 Diana Chang "SAYING YES" 397 Cheryl Savageau "GRANDMOTHER" 398 DESI ARNAZ AND LUCILLE BALL 399 Michael Ventura "REPORT FROM EL DORADO" 400 Lee Smith "DEAR PHIL DONAHUE" 410 Studs Terkel AN INTERVIEW WITH PEGGY TERRY 422 Ross Chambers 'THE UNEXAMINED" 427 May Swenson "BLACK TUESDAY" 440 Sherman Alexie "A DRUG CALLED TRADITION" 441 Bharati Mukherjee "A FATHER" 447 Leroy Quintana "LEGACY II" 454 2. MIXED RELATIONS 457 ANTIMISCEGENATION LAWS 459 William Faulkner "DRY SEPTEMBER" 466 Daniela Gioseffi "THE EXOTIC ENEMY" 474 CONTENTS Willie Perdomo "NIGGER-REECAN BLUES" 475 Langston Hughes "CROSS" 477 David Mura "SECRETS AND ANGER" 478 Wendy Rose "IF I AM TOO BROWN OR TOO WHITE FOR YOU" 484 3. TOWARD THE MULTICULTURE 487 Adrian Wong Shue PAINTING: "TROPICAL DAYDREAM" 489 Jose Marti "OUR AMERICA" 490 Jessica Hagedorn "HOMESICK" 496 Robert N. Hopkins "CAN THE UNITED STATES ASSIMILATE THE WAVE OF NEW IMMIGRANTS?" 498 Ishmael Reed "AMERICA: THE MULTINATIONAL SOCIETY" 502 Trey Ellis "GUESS WHO'S COMING TO SEDER" 505 John Leguizamo "CROSSOVER KING" 510 TatoLaviera "AMERICAN" 514 Arjun Appadurai from "THE HEART OF WHITENESS" 516 Bibliography 529 Appendix: Writing about Literature and Culture 531 Credits 558 Index of Authors and Titles 562.