Secure Sustainable Together HEATING WITHOUT GLOBAL WARMING Market Developments and Policy Considerations for Renewable Heat FEATURED INSIGHT ANSELM EISENTRAUT AND ADAM BROWN 2014 Secure Sustainable Together HEATING WITHOUT GLOBAL WARMING Market Developments and Policy Considerations for Renewable Heat ANSELM EISENTRAUT AND ADAM BROWN This paper reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the IEA’s individual member countries. The paper does not constitute advice on any specific issue or situation. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the paper’s content (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the paper. Comments are welcome, directed to [email protected]. 2014 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. 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The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA. © OECD/IEA 2014 Heating without Global Warming Market Developments and Policy Considerations for Renewable Heat Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 Page | 3 The role of heat in today’s energy system................................................................................ 12 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 12 Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 14 World FEH today ...................................................................................................................... 15 FEH in buildings ................................................................................................................ 15 FEH in industry ................................................................................................................. 16 Renewable energy use for heat in buildings and industry .............................................. 19 Renewable energy use for heat in buildings .................................................................... 20 Renewable energy use for heat in industry ..................................................................... 21 Bioenergy use for heat ............................................................................................................ 22 Biomass resources ................................................................................................................... 22 Bioenergy heating technologies .............................................................................................. 23 Biomass use for cooking .................................................................................................. 23 Modern solid biomass heating systems ........................................................................... 24 Biogas systems ................................................................................................................. 26 Liquid biofuels .................................................................................................................. 26 Bioenergy use for heat in buildings ......................................................................................... 26 Biogas ............................................................................................................................... 29 Bioenergy use for heat in industry .......................................................................................... 30 Bioenergy use for heat: Conclusions ....................................................................................... 31 Bioenergy technology development and RD&D needs ................................................... 32 Solar thermal energy ............................................................................................................... 33 Solar radiation ......................................................................................................................... 33 Solar thermal heat technologies ............................................................................................. 33 Non‐concentrating solar technologies ............................................................................. 34 Concentrating solar technologies .................................................................................... 36 Solar thermal energy use for heat in buildings ....................................................................... 37 Solar thermal energy use for heat in industry ......................................................................... 39 Solar thermal energy use for heat: Conclusions ...................................................................... 39 Solar thermal technology development and RD&D needs .............................................. 41 Geothermal energy ................................................................................................................. 42 Geothermal energy sources .................................................................................................... 42 Geothermal heat technologies ................................................................................................ 42 Direct use ......................................................................................................................... 42 Enhanced or engineered geothermal systems ................................................................ 43 Heating without Global Warming © OECD/IEA 2014 Market Developments and Policy Considerations for Renewable Heat Geothermal energy use for heat in buildings .......................................................................... 44 Geothermal energy use for heat in industry ........................................................................... 45 Geothermal energy use for heat: Conclusions ........................................................................ 45 Geothermal technology development and RD&D needs ................................................ 46 Other enabling technologies .................................................................................................... 47 Page | 4 Heat pumps ............................................................................................................................. 47 Renewable electricity for heating and cooling purposes ........................................................ 49 District heating ........................................................................................................................ 50 Final energy use of commercial heat ............................................................................... 51 Heat and cold storage .............................................................................................................. 53 Sensible storage ............................................................................................................... 54 Latent