POLITICAL PARTIES – KEY FACTORS IN THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES POLITICAL PARTIES – KEY FACTORS IN THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST BUCHAREST, ROMANIA 18–19 OCTOBER 2013 PUBLICATION OF PRESENTATIONS This volume was published with the support of the OSCE Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the European Commission for Democracy through Law of the Council of Europe (Venice Commission). The opinions and information it contains do not necessarily reflect the policy and position of OSCE/ODIHR, the Venice Commission or of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania. Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest I. Executive summary 5 Figure 1: Six-Step action plan to promote gender equality in elected office Table of contents II.Trends in women’s representation in elected office in OSCE participating States 10 Figure 2: The proportion of women in the lower house of parliament, 2010 foreword of the editors ....................................................................................................................................................................7 Figure 3: Trends in women’s representation, 1945–2008, World Figure 4: Trends in women’s representation, 1945–2008, opening remarks ...................................................................................................................................................................9 OSCE Sub-Regions Table 1: % Women in lower house of national parliament, OSCE participating States 2000–2010 session i: Table 2: Mixed gender gaps in voting turnout, 2005 establishment and registration of political parties ...........................................................................................21 Table 3: Mixed gender gaps in party membership, 2005 Part 1: A comparative European view on the legal framework for the establishment III. Constitutions 19 of political parties and their participation in public life ......................................................................................21 Box 1: The French Parity Movement Venice Commission Standards in the field of the establishment of political parties ............................................. 22 Table 4: Constitutional provisions for gender equality in parliament (Ms Hanna Suchocka, Member of the Venice Commission (Poland) IV. Electoral systems 22 International Standards in the Field of Legislation on Political Parties ..................................................................... 30 (Mr. Richard S. Katz Professor of Political Science, Johns Hopkins University, Table 5: Electoral systems and women’s representation, OSCE participating States Chairman of the OSCE/ODIHR Core Group of Experts on Political Parties) Figure 5: The impact of electoral systems and historical experience of democratization Figure 6: The constraints of traditional cultural attitudes Political Parties as an expression of freedom of association in a democratic society enshrined Figure 7: The constraints of gender-related development in national constitutions: legal framework of the names and “signs” used by political parties – the Romanian experience ...........................................................................................................................................41 V. Legal quotas 28 (Prof. Dr. Lucian Mihai Member of the Venice Commission (Romania) and Judge Laura Andrei, President – Bucharest Tribunal) Table 6: The impact of legal quotas used for candidates for the lower house of parliament, OSCE region Figure 8: European attitudes towards ways to increase women’s representation, 2009 session i: establishment and registration of political parties ...........................................................................................49 Part 2: The Arab experience: association in political parties as an expression of the diversity and social structure of modern societies .........................................................................................................................................49 Legislation relating to political parties in Tunisia: General considerations ............................................................... 50 (Mr. Larbi Abid, Deputy Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia) The legal arrangements governing the establishment of political parties in Morocco ......................................... 54 (Mr. Ahmed Moufid, Doctor of Law, Professor of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco) Political parties and constitutional standards: Democracy or eternal vigilance...................................................... 63 (Mr. Antoine Messarra, Member of the Lebanese Constitutional Council, Professor at the Lebanese University (1976–2010) and at Saint Joseph University, Lebanon) The regulation of political parties by constitutional justice Summary essay, case study and perspectives for the Arab world ........................................................................................................................................ 65 (Mr. Antoine Messarra, Member of the Lebanese Constitutional Council, Professor at the Lebanese University (1976–2010) and at Saint Joseph University, Lebanon) The formation of parties and legalisation in reference to parties in Egypt: A view on religious parties .......................................................................................................................................................... 82 (Mr. Waël Rady, Judge at the Court of Cassation of Egypt) 4 table of contents session ii: financing of political parties .......................................................................................................................................87 Recommendations of the Venice Commission and the OSCE/ODIHR in the field of financing political parties ...............................................................................................................................................................................88 (Mr. James Hamilton, Substitute member of the Venice Commission (Ireland), Member of the OSCE/ODIHR Core Group of Experts on Political Parties) Political financing: transparency and supervision. Some considerations in the light of GRECO reports ............................................................................................................................................................................ 97 (Ms Vita Habjan Barboric, Member of the GRECO Bureau, Chief Project Manager, Corruption Prevention Center, Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of Slovenia) Financing of political parties – the Romanian Experience ............................................................................................. 101 (Mr. Stefan Deaconu, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, Romania, former Presidential Advisor for Constitutional Affairs) Political Funding Regimes in Muslim Majority Countries with Special Reference to the Turkish Case ....................................................................................................................................................................... 114 (Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya, Marmara University, Turkey) Report on the funding problems faced by political parties in Algeria ....................................................................... 123 (Mr. Amine-Khaled Hartani, Professor at the University of Algiers, Head of the Fundamental Rights Department) session iii: participation of political parties in elections .....................................................................................................131 Part 1: General standards and some specific issues related to the participation of political parties in elections in European countries ................................................................................................................................... 131 Venice Commission Standards on Political Parties and Elections ............................................................................... 132 (Mr. Evgeni Tanchev, Member of the Venice Commission, Former President of the Constitutional Court of Bulgaria) Political parties and the mass media – new technologies in the electoral process: Brief presentation of the Permanent Electoral Authority (PEA) ..................................................................................146 (Mr. Csaba Tiberiu Kovacs, Secretary General of the Permanent Electoral Authority of Romania) The Impact of Electoral Systems on Parties’ Electoral Strategy ................................................................... 157 (Mr. Volodymyr Pylypenko, Member of Parliament of Ukraine, substitute member of the Venice Commission (Ukraine) executive summary 5 session iii: participation of political parties in elections .....................................................................................................163 Part 2: Political parties and the electoral process in Arab countries .................................................................163 Political Parties and the Election of the Members of the General National Congress ........................................164 (Mr. Omar Mohamed Ihmedan, Member of the Legal and Constitutional Committee of the General National Congress, Libya) The Participation of Political Parties in the Constituent Assembly Elections of 23 October 2011...................173 (Mr. Hatem M’rad, Professor of political