VWT 272 Class 10 Quiz 7 Number of quizzes taken 19 Min 6 Max 30 Mean 22.5 Median 23 Mode 30 Lecture 10 Introduction to Microbiology • “Science is an attempt, largely successful, to understand the world, to get a grip on things, to get hold of ourselves, to steer a safe course. Microbiology and meteorology now explain what only a few centuries ago was considered sufficient cause to burn women to death.” Carl Sagan (1934-1996) Plan of Study • Taxonomy – Aristotle – Lineaus • Rank based • Binomial naming – Tree of Life • Cell Structure – Yeast – Bacteria • Microscope Basics Why Categorize Living Things? • Best Estimate – 8.7 Million Species exist on earth • Currently ~ 1.2 Million are catalogued • Not yet cataloged – 86% of land based species – 91% of ocean based species • THIS EXTIMATE DOES NOT INCLUDE MOST MICROBES! • Need a system A Very Important Old Guy • Aristotle (c. 384 – c. 322 BCE) – Greece – Student of Plato – Teacher of Alexander the Great – Empiricist • “men of experience know that the thing is so” – Classified LIVING THINGS • Plant • Animal – Subdivided by how they looked or behaved • Animal – Of the Land – Of the Water – Of the Air – Used Common Names Problems with the Aristotelian System • Names became unusable – Honey Bee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticus glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus • Unknown organisms – “Anonymous Cluster” • What do you do about the duck? “God created, but Linnaeus organized” • Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) – Sweden – Self Named ? (Father Self Named ?) – Father of Taxonomy • System of classifying and naming – Observable physical charistics • Animal, Vegetable or Mineral – Ranked Based System – Binomial System • In Latin • Universal • Based on genus and species Linnaean Rank Based System • Goes from Broad to Specific • Recient (1977) addition of “Domaine” – Carl Woese • Based on 16S rRNA 3 Domains & A Bunch of Kingdoms Linnaean Rank Based System • An example Tree of Life Tree of Life Subway Map Version Tree of Life Beta Version Charles Darwin’s Notebook B (1837) Tree of Life Shrub Version Tree of Life Birds-eye View Version Tree of Life Birds-eye View Version Tree of Life Pokémon Version Tree of Life Today's Version Tree of Life • As a way to visualize relationships between organisms • As a way to show evolutionary patterns of species through time A Brief Movie About Evolution Linnaean Binomial System • Every organism has a unique name • Consists of the Genus and Species of the organism – Genus is Capitalized – Species is not capitalized • Is either italicized or underlined Tyrannosaurus rex Linnaean Binomial System • Common Examples – Cat: Felis domestica – Dog: Canis familaris – Grey Wolf: Canis lupis – Bison: Bison bison – Housefly: Musca domestica – Wine Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Malo/Lactic Bacteria: Oenococcus oeni Linnaean Binomial System • Funny (?) Examples – Scaptia beyonceae – Agathidum vaderi – Fiordichthys slartibartfasti Why Categorize Living Things? • Best Estimate – 8.7 Million (8.7x106) Eukaryote Species exist on earth • Currently ~ 1.2 Million are catalogued • Not yet cataloged – 86% of land based species – 91% of ocean based species – 107 to 109 bacteria species • Not yet cataloged – 99% – ??? Archaea species • Find new ones everywhere science looks • Not just in “extreme” places anymore Wine Microbiology • Yeast – Eukaryote • Have nucleus – 5 to 10 μm – Reproduce by fission or “budding” • Bacteria – Prokaryote • No nucleus – 0.5 to 1.5 μm – Reproduce by fission • Can also “trade” DNA Simple Yeast Structure Simple Yeast Structure • Cell wall – Chitin • Vacuole – Storage • Mitochondria – ATP production – Own DNA Simple Yeast Structure • Cell membrane – Complex structure – Phospholipid bilayer Not So Simple Yeast Structure • Cell membrane – Very Complex structure Not So Simple Yeast Structure • Cell Nucleus – DNA storage – Ribosome production Not So Simple Yeast Structure • Adenosine triphosphate - ATP – Made in the mitocondria – Currency of the cell – Transports energy – Made from Glucose • Lots when Oxygen is present – Resperation • Few when no Oxygen is present – Fermentation Simple Bacteria Structure Simple Bacteria Structure • No Nucleus – DNA floats free in loop – DNA in Plasmids • Ribosome – “Machine” that makes amino acids into proteins with the help of mRNA • Different Forms Simple Bacteria Structure • Different Forms Not So Simple Bacteria Structure • Cell Wall – Two types • Gram + • Gram - Not So Simple Bacteria Structure • Cell Wall – Two types • Gram + • Gram - “place truth before my eyes” • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) – Netherlands – Cloth Salesman – Supervised and taxed wine in Delft – Developed Secret method to make lenses • Up to 300X power – Observed “Animalcules” • Single celled organisms • Observed bacteria (1767) – 100 years before anyone else – Member of The Royal Society • Never published – wrote letters “place truth before my eyes” Microscope Structure Microscope Slides and Coverslips Microscope Slides and Coverslips Next Week • Microscope field day .