Land Delimitation & Demarcation: Preparing communities for investment Report for CARE-Mozambique Analysis and documentation in support of further development of the women, agriculture and land project Final Version 04 January 2013 Maputo Land Delimitation & Demarcation: Women, Agriculture and Land Final Report Note This document is produced in response to Terms of Reference issued by CARE Mozambique. For further information, please contact: Delphine Pinault Assistant Country Director, Programs CARE Mozambique [email protected] +258-21-49-20-64 (office telephone) +258-21.49.20.77 (office fax) +258-82-318.8970 (cell) www.care-international.org Land Delimitation & Demarcation: Women, Agriculture and Land Final Report Contents Acronyms & Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Context: land and economic growth .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 How economic growth affects land tenure .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 How land tenure can affect economic growth and poverty reduction ................................................................ 4 1.3 The principal challenges around land in Mozambique .......................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Land and livelihood strategies .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Increasing demand for large land concessions .................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Impacts of poorly-managed large investments ................................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Land Policy .................................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.4.1 Current Land Policy ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.4.2 Policy consultations and reform processes ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.4.3 Legal framework for resettlement ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Land use planning & the current land zoning process ......................................................................................... 14 1.5.1 Land Use Planning at District level ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.5.2 Strategic Land Use Planning ............................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5.3 Current land zoning processes ........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.6 Gender .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1.7 The framework for community-investor partnerships ......................................................................................... 20 1.7.1 The consultation process and legal problems ................................................................................................................. 20 1.7.2 Inherent challenges in partnership establishment .......................................................................................................... 23 1.7.3 A potential approach to securing land rights in the context of a partnership .......................................................... 26 2 Community land tenure – delimitation and demarcation ......................................................................................... 29 2.1 Delimitation activities ................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.1 Progress in Nampula, Niassa & Zambézia ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.1.2 Lessons from other NGO initiatives ................................................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Demarcation activities ................................................................................................................................................ 31 2.2.1 The Land Tenure Regularisation programme of securing individual plots ............................................................... 32 2.2.2 ORAM .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 iTC ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.4 CLUSA experiences in land demarcation ........................................................................................................................ 33 2.3 Sustainability and institutional capacity at local level............................................................................................ 38 2.4 Future support for land and investment activities ................................................................................................ 40 2.4.1 Dutch/Swedish Institutional Strengthening of Cadastre Project ............................................................................... 40 2.4.2 iTC in the future ................................................................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.3 World Bank Growth Poles Project ................................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.4 ProSavana ............................................................................................................................................................................... 42 3 What does this mean for CARE-Mozambique? ......................................................................................................... 44 3.1 Programming and strategic implications ................................................................................................................. 44 3.2 How best to deal with gender and land issues ....................................................................................................... 45 3.3 Some intelligent partnerships .................................................................................................................................... 46 3.4 A lobbying & advocacy agenda ................................................................................................................................ 47 3.5 Developing a mapping capacity ................................................................................................................................ 49 References in text ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Annex 1: Terms of Reference ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 Annex 2: Delimited community areas - Nampula (to 2009).................................................................................................... 58 Annex 3: Land issues and gender ................................................................................................................................................. 59 Annex 4: Selected initiatives on land issues and gender ........................................................................................................... 60 Annex 5: Additional bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 61 i Land Delimitation & Demarcation: Women, Agriculture and Land Final Report List of Tables Table 1: Community land delimitations (national) ..................................................................................................................... 9 Table 2: Available land - preliminary results from land zoning process in Nampula & Cabo Delgado