Istanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. J. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul Univ. 38 (2), 191-195, 2012 38 (2), 191-195, 2012 Olgu Sunumu Case Report A Case of Pentastomum denticulatum Infection in Goats Andrey IVANOV1, Zvezdelina KIRKOVA1, Petar ILIEV1, Krassimira UZUNOVA1* 1Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Student's Campus 6000, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria ^Corresponding Author: Krassimira UZUNOVA Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Husbandry, Student's Campus 6000, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria e-mail: [email protected] Geliş Tarihi / Received: 09.05.2011 ABSTRACT A case of Pentastomum denticulatum infection in goats was described. In August 2007, in a herd of 30 goats, in the region of Rousse (North Bulgaria), there were observed non-specific clinical signs: reduced appetite, depression, emaciation, lying down, and decreased milk secretion. Despite antibiotic therapy 3 of the goats died. A necropsy was performed and small, yellow-white oval cysts with a white parasite inside were established in liver, lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes. The parasites (total number - 30) were examined microscopically and determined as Pentastomum denticulatum - larval stage of Linguatula serrata. Key Words: Pentastomum denticulatum, Linguatula serrata, pentastomiasis OZET KEÇİLERDE PENTASTOMUM DENTICULATUM İNFEKSİYONU OLGUSU Bu makalede, keçilerde Pentastomum denticulatum infeksiyonu olgusu tanımlanmıştır. 2007 yılının Ağustos ayında, Rusçuk bölgesinde (Kuzey Bulgaristan), 30 keçiden oluşan sürü içinde, iştah azalması, depresyon, aşırı zayıflama, yatma ve süt veriminin azalmasını içeren non-spesifik klinik belirtiler gözlemlendi. Antibiyotik tedavisi yapılmasına rağmen keçilerden üç tanesi öldü. Nekropsilerinde, karaciğer, akciğer ve mezenterik lenf düğümlerinin içinde beyaz parazitleri içeren küçük sarı-beyaz oval kistler görüldü. Parazitler (toplam sayı - 30) mikroskobik olarak incelenerek Linguatula serrata 'nın larva evresindeki Pentastomum denticulatum olarak saptandı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pentastomum denticulatum, Linguatula serrata, pentastomiaz Introduction Lingatula serrata [Fröhlich, 1789] is an Pentastomiasis is an entomosis in arthropod of class Maxillopoda, family Linguatulidae, that parasitize in the nasal ruminants, rodents and men, caused by cavity and adjacent sinuses, the larynx and Pentastomum denticulatum - the larva of pharynx of domestic and wild canids, felids Linguatula serrata. and humans, that are the final hosts (Lazo et 192 Andrey Ivanov, Zvezdelina Kirkova, Petar Iliev, Krassimira Uzunova al., 1999; Meshgi and Asgarian, 2003; Pandey terium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In this et al., 1987). Due to its tongue-like shape, case, the pentastomes were localized primarily Lingatula serrata is also known as "tongue in mesenteric lymph nodes. worm". Female Linguatula are of a size of 80¬ 100/8-10 mm, whereas males - 18-20/3-4 mm Case (Bussieras and Chermette, 1991). Ova are In August 2007, in a herd of 30 goats in the yellow-brownish, oval, slightly asymmetric region of Rousse (North Bulgaria), the local and contain an acariform embryo with four veterinarian observed non-specific clinical hooks. They are shed in the environment with signs: reduced appetite, depression, nasal discharge or faeces of final hosts. emaciation, lying down, and decreased milk Intermediate hosts are ruminants, rodents secretion. The animals were kept on pasture, and rarely men. They become infected orally with the road to their feeding area passing by ingesting food or water, contaminated with through the village garbage dump. Fever was eggs. Acariform larvae hatch in animal observed in some of the affected animals - up intestines, pass in intestinal wall where either to 39°C. The veterinarian prescribed a encyst, or migrate by a lymphohaematogenous treatment with antimicrobial preparations, yet route to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs, they did not yield a positive result and 3 of the spleen or kidneys. There, they turn into goats died. nymphs (Pentastomum denticulatum), which A necropsy of the three dead animals was are morphologically similar to adult forms. performed. The bodies were emaciated to Pentastomes are white and 4-5/2-3 mm in size cachectic, without discharge from any of the (Lazo et al., 1999). Their body is segmented by natural openings. The conjunctivas were 72-92 grooves, each possessing a single set of anaemic and slightly icteric. On carcass spines. Pentastomum denticulatum is dissection, a bloody fluid was discovered in the embedded in an oval pale cyst with diameter of abdominal cavity, containing single white 2 to 8 mm. Approximately 7 months after the parasites with prolonged, oval, dorsoventrally infection, some nymphs leave the cysts and flattened bodies, 5-6 mm long, and 1 mm wide. enter the abdominal or thoracic cavity of the The liver had a pulp-like consistency, with host (Bussieras and Chermette, 1991). Illnesses small, yellow-white oval cysts with a diameter could be caused by the adult forms in final of about 5 mm on its surface and within the hosts, as well as by the larval forms in parenchyma. Some of the cysts were opened intermediate hosts. and bleeding. The mesenteric lymph nodes were juicy, hyperaemic, with cysts, some of Linguatula serrata has been detected in which perforated and bleeding. Inspection of dogs, cats, foxes, dingoes and humans the chest cavity revealed a fluid mixed with (Hendrix and Robinson, 2006; Maleky, 2001; blood, containing single parasites similar to the Meshgi and Asgarian, 2003; Morsy et al., ones described above. On the surface and deep 1999), whereas Pentastomum denticulatum has in lungs, there were numerous scattered oval been found in domestic and wild ruminants, pale cysts - also with a diameter of about 5 cats, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs, and mm. Some of the cysts were opened and humans (Gardiner et al., 1984; Hendrix and bleeding (Figure 1). When whole cysts were Robinson, 2006; Lazo et al., 1999; Nourollahi removed out of the liver, mesenteric lymph Fard et al., 2010; Tavassoli et al., 2007). nodes, the lungs and were opened, an Pentastomiasis in herbivores is usually elongated oval whitish parasite, with a length asymptomatic (Ravindran et al., 2008; Saiyari of about 5 mm and width of 1 mm was found et al., 1996). Mir et al. (2009) have observed within. No changes in the other organs could clinical signs - diarrhoea, gradual emaciation, be found. The observed lesions were identical anorexia and reluctance to stand in 4 wild in all three examined animals. goats (Capra hircus), caused by a co-infection of Pentastomum denticulatum and Mycobac- A Case of Pentastomum denticulatum Infection in Goats 19S Figure 1. Viscera from a goat - haemorrhages. Figure 2. Isolated Pentastomum denticulatum parasites. Şekil 1. Bir keçiye ait iç organlar - hemorajiler. Şekil 2. İzole edilen Pentastomum denticulatum parazitleri From each animal, 10 parasites were segments by transverse grooves. At the level of isolated, stored in 70° ethanol and examined in the first segment, apically, in the ventromedial the laboratories of the Parasitology and area a rectangular structure with rounded Invasive Diseases Unit at the Faculty of corners and harder chitinous edges was Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara outlined. At the dorsal rim of each segment Zagora. Examination of the specimens was aligned small conical backwards-pointing performed natively using a stereoscope Stemi spikes were located (Figures 3 and 4). A 2000-C (Zeiss, Jena), and after clearing with ventrally-positioned mouth orifice along the lactic acid, on an Axioscop microscope (Zeiss, median, and a pair of hooks laterally were Jena). The isolated parasites were white in observed on the front, wider body end. The colour with elongated oval dorsoventrally hooks are retractile into their own sheaths and flattened bodies, with convex dorsal surface were bent backwards like the talons of a bird while the ventral one was slightly bent inward. of prey. The sheath orifices were oval in shape, They were wider in their anterior end, with smaller hooks in the apical end. In front becoming gradually narrower towards the back of the mouth orifice, close to the front edge of end. Their dimensions were: length of 5-6 mm the body, two additional pairs of small spikes and width of 1-1.6 mm (Figure 2). The could be seen (Figure 3). parasite's entire body was divided into 80-90 Figure 3. Pentastomum denticulatum - anterior end. Figure 4. Pentastomum denticulatum -posterior end. Şekil 3. Pentastomum denticulatum - anterior ucu. Şekil 4. Pentastomum denticulatum - posterior ucu. 194 Andrey Ivanov, Zvezdelina Kirkova, Petar Iliev, Krassimira Uzunova Discussion Bussieras, J., Chermette, R., 1991. Parasitologie The described morphology is a summary of Vétérinaire Maisons Alfort. Paris, France, pp. 105-106. all discovered and examined specimens. It corresponds to the morphological and metric Gardiner, C.H., Dyke, J.W., Shirley, S.F., 1984. descriptions of Baird et al. (1988), Banaja, Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of (1983), Lazo et al. (1999), Soulsby (1982). Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: These results were sufficient to identify the a case report and review of the literature. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and examined parasites as Pentastomum Hygiene 33, 187-189. denticulatum - the nymph stage of Linguatula serrata [Fröhlich, 1789]. Hendrix, C.M., Robinson, E., 2006. Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians. Third Having established the species of the edition, Mosby Elsevier,