Sociology Study, January 2015, Vol. 5, No. 1, 53‐59 D doi: 10.17265/2159‐5526/2015.01.006 DAVID PUBLISHING Ubuntu: Alterity as a Perspective for Peace Flora Strozenberga, Willis Santiago Guerra Filhoa, Luiz Otávio Ferreira Barreto Leitea, Edna Raquel Santos Hogemanna, Milanna Nagiba, Hellen Cristina Silva de Oliveiraa, Matheus Novais da Silvaa, Ana Carolina Antãoa Abstract This paper looks for deepening the connections among peace, intercultural dialogue, and communalism in the light of Ubuntu, an ethical concept that emphasizes the alliances constructed between people and the relations established by them, and is seen as fundamental to the African thought of the groups that adopt Bantu languages. It develops an original exercise in diatopical hermeneutics—a methodology proposed by Raimon Panikkar, taking as the main goal to approach the Western ethical and political thought to the epistemic and ontological category of Ubuntu, recognized in the Zulu maxim umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through other persons). It chooses as the basis of such study some contemporary thinkers as Lévinas, Bauman, Ramose, Chuwa, Kunene, and Nussbaum, who show a common concern with reverting a context of war and disregard of the integrity of human beings, connected to an ethics of alterity, zealous of the values of conviviality and respect for the cultural differences. It reveals the political dimension of Ubuntu and the impacts of this conception on the process of facing the problems of human rights in post Apartheid South Africa. Grounded on such transdisciplinary reflexion, it tries to point through a path to the implementation of policies for peace based on interculturality and communalism within different cultures. Keywords Ubuntu, peace, ethical and political thought, respect for the other, communalism The broader exercise of the right to peace—included to define it, the concept has generally been described as a world-view of African societies and determining factor in by Bobbio (2004) among the rights of a brand new the formation of perceptions which influence social conduct. generation, as the rights to genetic resources and (Mokgoro 1997: 2) memory—must be founded on a solid recognition of otherness. It is important to stress that the relationship This connection that is the main thread of among the clamor for peace, recognition of the other, reflection developed here will be unveiled for us and fostered dialogue between cultures, appears through the African philosophical concept of ubuntu: prominent in recent pronouncements. On the one hand, The concept ubuntu, like many African concepts, is not easily definable. To define an African notion in a foreign aThe Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil language and from an abstract as opposed to a concrete approach is to defy the very essence of the African Correspondent Author: Flora Strozenberg, Rua Marques de Abrantes, n. 119, world-view and can also be particularly elusive. (…) In apartamento 105, Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Code one’s own experience, ubuntu, it seems, is one of those Number 22230‐060 things that you recognize when you see it. (…) In an attempt E‐mail: [email protected] 54 Sociology Study 5(1) the speech in the famous “House of Literature” in prevalent in Western thought) that each human being Oslo, by George Deek, an Arab Christian who serves is only human, is only able to “individuate” by as deputy Israeli ambassador to Norway, states: belonging to a human collective. The humanity of a person is determined by the alterity with others, If we wish to be successful in protecting our right to be through his humanity toward other human beings. In different, if we want to have a future (in the Middle East), I short, the existence of a person is through the think we need to agree—Jews, Muslims, and Christians: We will fight for the right of Christians to live their faith existence of others in close relationship with itself. anywhere without fear, with the same passion with which we However, it is important to emphasize that the value will fight for the right of Jews to live without fear. of their humanity is entirely related to how she or he expresses humanity and the dignity of other human On the other hand, the correspondence between beings. The humanity of a person is thus defined by its the writers Etgar Keret, Israeli, and Sayed Kashua, a ethical commitment with his next, no matter who he is Palestinian exile in the USA, who writes in Hebrew man, woman, child, young, or old. and cultivates the habit of switching between the two Relevance of the notion of ubuntu lies in our view, cultures. They deplore without sacrificing the humor, in the fact that this draws attention to the cultural the growing radicalization of the Middle East conflict disarmament and the strength of intercultural (and and how this influences negatively on the coexistence even inter-religious) dialogue, thought as being 1 of Jews and Arabs in Israel . necessary conditions for the solution of the most But then what is the purpose of exploring the serious problems faced by humankind and the urgent African concept of ubuntu, using Panikkar’s construction of a peaceful world. hermeneutic thought (Panikkar 2002), designed as a The ethical and epistemological foundation of the fundamental way to promote the translation of contemporary reflections about the main issues knowledge, to make a connection between this concerning global bioethics can be found in the conception and the Western ethical and political ubuntu world-view: thought? Human need for community, the kernel of Ubuntu ethics ETHIC OF UBUNTU has been expressed by a number of Ubuntu scholars. John Mbiti, for example, states that Ubuntu ethics is based on the Ubuntu corresponds to an ancient African word premise that an individual becomes conscious on this own existence, rights, duties, and obligations through other meaning or suggesting that loyalty expands and makes individuals, society, and the environment. There is no real consistent the relationship between people. The term personal existence independent of the society and its comes from an ethical rule expressed in Zulu and environment. Whatever affects one individual affects the Xhosa languages, and while we cannot date its origin, entire society and its environment. Likewise, whatever affects the society affects each individual in it and that it is a mental state of being that prevails among the person’s environment. Thus, “an individual can only say, I natives of Southern Africa until the present am because we are; and since we are, therefore, I am”. day—accordingly umuntu ngumtu ngabantu, which in (Chuwa 2014: 17) Zulu means “a person is a person through other people” (Ramose 2003a). The community spirit presents in African theory In this maxim, it is possible to understand through and practice is philosophically concentrated in the prism of communalism peculiar to African categories such as ubuntu (where in its stem, namely philosophy (possible to counter the individualism ntu, it is possible to highlight the basic concept of life Strozenberg et al. 55 force) and communalism (Kimmerle 2006). People are the rich diversity of our world’s cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human. It is fostered by conceived as a part of universal interplay of forces knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of through the communities where they live, and they thought, conscience, and belief. Tolerance is harmony in “are in close and permanent connection with the difference. It is not only a moral duty, it is also a political spiritual world of those who have passed away and and legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that makes peace possible, contributes to the replacement of the culture these who are yet to be born” (Kimmerle 2006: 8). of war by a culture of peace. Another Zulu maxim “It takes an entire village to 1.2 Tolerance is not concession, condescension, or raise a child” in Swanson’s viewpoint (Swanson 2013), indulgence. Tolerance is, above all, an active attitude accurately reflects the spirit and intent of ubuntu. It is prompted by recognition of the universal human rights and fundamental freedoms of others. In no circumstance can it possible to infer from this statement that the be used to justify infringements of these fundamental values. community’s strength derives from community Tolerance is to be exercised by individuals, groups, and support, and the dignity and identity are reached states. 1.3 Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human through mutual support, empathy, generosity, and the rights, pluralism (including cultural pluralism), democracy community’s covenant. It comes appropriate to make and the rule of law. It involves the rejection of dogmatism a record: South Africa’s apartheid period as such and absolutism and affirms the standards set out in hateful regime threatened to erode the African way of international human rights instruments. 1.4 Consistent with respect for human rights, the practice life on ubuntu values, this by a remarkable irony, of tolerance does not mean toleration of social injustice or came to strengthen him to galvanize the collective the abandonment or weakening of one’s convictions. It support and creating solidarity among those who were means that one is free to adhere to one’s own convictions and accepts that others adhere to theirs. It means accepting members of the oppressed community. the fact that human beings, naturally diverse in their appearance, situation, speech, behavior, and values, have the right to live in peace and to be as they are. It also means that TOWARD A CULTURE OF TOLERANCE one’s views are not to be imposed on others. Adherence to the values identified in the two previously commented maxims, its knowledge may The tolerance, which can be associated to lead to the overcoming of fear that breeds prejudice expressions of ubuntu (Nussbaum 2003; Kunene 1996), and discrimination.