University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1964 Cadiz expedition of 1625 Daniel O. Magnussen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Magnussen, Daniel O., "Cadiz expedition of 1625" (1964). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1729. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1729 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CADIZ EXPEDITION OF l62^ by DA.NIEL OSAR MGMSSEN B.A. Montana State University, 1963 Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 196k Approved: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School , 1W-; B Date UMI Number; EP35715 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI EP35715 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQ uest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ,-/o /I' : 0 : , TABLE OF CŒTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I . THE EUROPE#! POLITICAL SCENE..................................................................... I I I . THE RCTAL NA7Y CURDIG THE REIGN OF JAEES I .............................................17 I I I . PREPARATIONS FOR THE EXPEDITION..................................................................29 IV. THE VOYAGE.....................................................................................................................Ii? V. THE ATTACK.....................................................................................................................60 V I. RETREAT, RETURN, AND REGPJîiEIATIGNS........................................................ 33 VII. cœcLusiœs ..............................................................................................................106 APPENDICES A. BIOGRAPHIES AÎŒ SQUADRON ORGANIZATICN................................................. 126 B. ROSTER OF REGII-IENTS AND OFFICERS...............................................................132 C. FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS NO. 1 ........................................................................ 13lt D. FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS NO. 2 .........................................................................ll|0 E. FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS NO. 3 ........................................................................ llE F. COUNCIL OF 1ER HEIIBERS.......................................................................................lU? BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................lJ|3 LIST OF liAPS PAGE ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA ............................................... THE BAY OF CADIZ ..........................................................................................6 l CHAPTER I THE EUROPEAN PCLITIGAL SCENE In 1618 Europe became embroiled in a long and involved series of conflicts which historians have termed the Thirty Tears War. The roots of these conflicts may be traced back to the founding of Protestantism in 1^19. Europe was in a state of confusion and emotional ferment, most of which was due to the religious differences between Catholics and Protestants. On the surface, these appeared to be the two basic religions, but the latter was divided within itself due to the advent of Calvinism. Lutheranism had spread rapidly since its beginnings, but had been slowed by the spread of the moral­ istic Calvinist teachings. Since l560, the flood of the Catholic Counter-Reformation had been washing back over some of the areas which had deviated from Rome. Viscious struggles developed over whose was the true religion. The scene for larger contests had been set by the Peace of Augsburg in 19$^, which permitted a ruler to decide which religion would be followed in his state. The use of state borders to separate religions developed hatreds which had not previously existed. Man could now be hated for his religion as well as for his language, customs, habits, or dress. In addition to religious ferment causing splits and conflicts in Europe, dynastic difficulties were a part of the problem. Although the great struggle began as a religious clash, there were dynastic overtones which ultimately came to outweigh the religious aims of the 2 participants. The two principal dynasties were the Hapsburgs of Spain and the Empire, and the House of Bourbon in France. Although both were Catholic, they were eoctremely jealous of one another; to the dismay of the Pope, they worked to the detriment of each other. In addition to these, there were other outstanding dynasties such as the Hohenzollerns in Brandenburg and Prussia, the Stuarts in Britain, th e House o f Vasa in Sweden and in Poland, th e Oldenburgs in Denmark, and the House of Orange in the Netherlands. IVhile these all played various important roles at one time or another during the great strug­ gle, it was the Bourbons and Hapsburgs who played their parts out to the bitter final curtain. One other dynamic force felt during this period was the grim overseas economic rivalry between the maritime states. Spain and Portugal had dominated the exploitation of the New World and the East Indies and the resultant trade with these areas, but they were now being strongly contested by the Dutch, French, and English. The era of colonization was under way with the latter three powers vitally interested in establishing permanent settlements. Portugal and Spain had maintained military outposts on the far sides of the world for over a century. They had, however, been more interested in conquest and exploitation than in colonies _se. The struggles for trade and colonies, plus the search for natural resources such as rich min­ erals, spices, fisheries, new and exotic foods, silks, furs, and the like, had become increasingly bitter. England, France, and Holland had been firmly demanding trade rights in the newly discovered lands, while Spain and Pcrtugal had been refusing just as steadfastly to 3 grant these privileges. England and Spain fought a long war, which ended unresolved in l60h, over this point. The rising Dutch had been more successful in the East Indies, wresting some islands from Span­ ish control from which they had extended their activities. In the field of overseas operations, it was state versus state, regardless of religious affiliation. Out of the colonial struggles there devel­ oped the doctrine of the two spheres, which meant that Europe was one sphere for the operation of international law and the New World another; arrangements made in one sphere did not necessarily apply in the other. Thus, while two nations might be fighting in a distant land,, they could be on amicable terms in Europe. While the Thirty Years War began as essentially a religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant, it must be kept in mind that other forces, chiefly dynastic and economic, were also at work. The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by a Hapsburg, Matthias (l6l2- 1619), who controlled most of Germany. His was a loose form of control, however, much looser than the Hapsburgs preferred. The Snperor was actually dependent upon the various states of the Empire, as he had no way of enforcing his edicts should the larger princes choose to dissent. Since the advent of Protestantism, several of the larger states had adopted this faith; these included the Palatinate, Saxony, and Brandenburg, l&th but seven electors in the Holy Roman Empire, the Hapsburgs were naturally deeply concerned lest another state be lost to Protestantism and the balance of power along with it. On the eve of conflict the German world was divided fairly evenly between Protestants in the north and Catholics in the south, with this religious u barrier establishing natural tendencies toward dislike and distrust. It was on this religious frontier of hatred, fear, and apprehension, that the battle lines would be drawn with the states of Europe choos­ ing which side they thought best suited their interests. At the outset, their choice was influenced by religious considerationsj for the most part it became Catholic versus Protestant. Spain, ruled by Philip III (l598-l62l), was still the dominant and most powerful nation in Europe; with her vast possessions in the New ¥orld, the East Indies, plus the Spanish Netherlands, the Franche Comte, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, and her close family relationship with the Holy Roman Empire, this Spanish-led dynasty exerted more of an international influence than merely that of a single state. Spain’s war with England had been ended by James I (1603-1625) shortly after his accession to the throne, leaving the overseas economic question