UNIT FIVE : Topic : Astronomy and the Solar System (pp.135-164) - 1 - SEQUENCE ONE : LISTEN AND CONSIDER (pp.136-141) Listening Script : ( About satellites , p.206 ) A- Getting started: p 136 1) Pictures 1and 2 represent satellites . 2) The represented objects are similar in the sense that they both orbit the Earth . 3) They are different in a way that one of them is a natural satellite and the other is an artificial satellite . 4) Satellites are used for a variety of things , depending on their basic categories. Astronomical satellites are used as a platform to view other planets while communications satellites are used for telecommunications . Other uses include navigation and weather . Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of millions of voice , data , and video transmission tasks across all continents between fixed points on the earth’s surface. Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions , vehicles, ships and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation systems. Scientific research satellites provide us with meteorological information , land survey data (e.g., remote sensing), and other different scientific research applications such as earth science , marine science , and atmospheric research . 5) Yes, Algeria has a satellite of its own. It is called “ Alsat ” . B- Let’s hear it: p.137 Exercise 1, p.137 : ( Reordering Sentences ) Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sentences C E B A F D Exercise 2, p.137 : ( Comprehension Questions ) A. The Hubble Telescope is 610 kms away from the Earth. B. The satellite which carries the Hubble Telescope is roughly cylindrica l in shape. C. The satellite is 13 m long . D. It weighs more than 11 tons . - 2 - C- Around the text: (pp.137-14) Grammar Explorer I (p.137) What is it for? / used for../ used to.. ( See Grammar refrence , p.222 ) Examples : 1) What are satellites used for ? 2) They are used for send ing computer data. 3) The are used to survey the earth and make weather forecasts. A. “ Used to ” and “ Used for ” express purpose / function of objects. B. The verbs which follow them either are in the infinitive or have the –ing form. ► … used for send ing … ( -ing form ) ► …used to survey … (infinitive) C. In the interrogative form ( question ) we use only the preposition “ for” . Exercise 1, p.138 : ( Matching ) Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phrases/Answers B C D A F E 1) What is it ? → Optical instrument. 2) What does it do ? → Magnifies pictures of faint and distant objects. 3) What is its shape ? → Cylindrical. 4) What does it consist of ? → Case / eyepiece lens / object lens. 5) What is it made of ? → Metal and glass. 6) What is it used for ? → Observing the stars. Exercise 2, p.138 : ( Describing a telescope ) A telescope is an optical instrument which magnifies pictures of faint and distant objects. It is cylindrical in shape and (it) consists of case, eyepiece lens and object lens. It is made of metal and glass and used for observing the stars. - 3 - Grammar Explorer II (p.138) Measurements - Dimensions – Size – Distance – Weight… Exercise 1, p.138 : A) The question word ( interrogative pronoun ) used to ask about dimensions, size, distance … is “ How ” : ( How far ? - How long ? - How much ? ) B) Position of the agjectives: 1) It is roughly cylindrical in shape. ► (before a preposition phrase) 2) It is 13 m long . ► (after a noun/ measurement) Other possibilities : a) It has a cylindrica l shape . b) Its shape is cylindrica l. Exercise 2, p.138 : ( Asking questions using “how ” ) A) How much does Sputnik I/Sputnik 2 weigh? ► ( Adverb ) B) How far is the moon from the Earth? ► ( Adjective ) C) How long does it take our planet to make one revolution round the sun? ► ( Adverb ) D) How high is Mount Everest? ► ( Adjective ) E) How tall was Yuri Garin? ► ( Adjective ) F) How long are the valleys… How wide are they… How deep are they…? ►( Adjectives ) G) How fast does light travel? ► ( Adverb ) N.B . Some of the words in the box can function both as adjectives and adverbs . ● How long does it take our planet to …? ► ( Adverb ) ● How long are the valleys…? ► ( Adjective ) RUBRIC : Vocabulary Explorer ( pp. 139-140 ) Exercise 1, p.139 : Verbs Nouns Adjectives weigh height – weight – length – depth - high – tall – heavy – takes distance – speed -kilometres – metres – long – wide - deep travel hours – minutes - seconds Exercise 2, p.139 : ( Matching Categories ) Category 1 2 3 4 5 Associated Words B A C E D 1) Temperature = hot - heat - high - low - cold - warm - Celsius scale - Fahrenheit scale 2) Distance = miles - kilometres - knots ( nautical miles ) 3) Area = square - foot - square metre - square kilometre - acre 4) Volume = litres - centilitres - millilitres - cubic litres - cubic metres 5) Measurements / Size ( humans ) = feet - inches - metres - centimetres - tall - short - 4 - Exercise 3, p.140: ( Gap-filling ) Verb Noun prove proof(s) believe belief (s) Paragraph : In olden times, people believed that the sun revolved round the Earth.This belief came from the fact that they saw the sun rise in the east every morning and set in the west every evening. And until now, many people suppose that it was Galileo who proved that it was the Earth that revolved round the sun though Copernicus had published the theory 20 years before Galileo’s birth. The real proof of the Earth’s orbiting the sun came from the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe ( 1546 – 1601 ). Galileo Tycho Brahe Copernicus RUBRIC : Pronunciation and Spelling ( pp 140-141 ) Exercises 1 + 2, p.140 : ( Phonetic Transcription and Stress ) Verb Transcription Verb Transcription 1) rotate / r əυ’teıt / 4) begin / bı’ gın / 2) believe / bı’ li:v / 5) occur / ə’kз: / 3) transmit / trænz’ mıt / 6) revolve / rı’ vɒɒɒlv / ► Stress usually falls on the second syllable for verbs and on the first syllable for nouns . Exercise 3, 140 : ( Stress Shift ) Verb Noun inc REASE INC rease re CORD RE cord pre SENT PRE sent pro JECT PRO ject pro DUCE PRO duce ►Stress shift : The stress pattern of the verbs and nouns are different. In verbs , it falls on the second syllable whereas in nouns it falls on the first syllable . In addition, the letter n is pronounced differently. - 5 - Exercise 4, p.140-141 : ( Corrective Stress ) Dialogue 1 : A: Is the Earth round and red when seen from the sky ? B: Well … Actually, it is round and blue . Yuri Gagarin Dialogue 2 : A: So it was the American astronault Neil Alden Armstrong who was the first to orbit the Earth. B: Well … In actual fact, it was the Russian astronault Yuri Gagarin who did it. ► Blue (corrective stress) ► Russian (corrective stress) RUBRIC : Think, pair, share ( p 141 ) Task : ( Expository Writing ) Topic: Class presentation about the moon. Sample: The Moon The Moon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a distance of 384,000kms on average, and its orbit is in a west-to-east direction. Its surface gravity is only 0.16 that of the Earth (one sixth), and it does not seem to have life on it, since it has neither atmosphere nor water. Minimum and maximum temperatures on it are wide apart, with +110˚C on the sunlit side and –170˚C in lunar nights. The geology of this satellite is rock only, and its age is about 4,6 billion years. Plans to reach the Moon on space crafts have been on scientists’ minds since early 20th century. But they became more concrete when the Russians launched space crafts Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 in 1957, the second one carrying dog Laika. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth, followed by the American astronaut John Glenn in 1962. Finally, America won the honour of reaching the Moon before Russia, when Neil Armstrong set foot on it on July 21st 1969. There are at present plans to build a space base on the Moon, to set a giant telescope and launch space ships from there to distant planets, and perhaps to other solar systems. - 6 - SEQUENCE ONE: READ AND CONSIDER (p.142) Passage : The Solar System , pp.143-144. A- Getting sarted : p 142 1) Pluto is no longer considered a planet. According to experts, it’s just a member of an asteroid belt beyond Neptune, along with 12 newly discovered mini-worlds. 2) It takes the Earth One year (365 and 1/4 days ) to make one complete revolution around the sun . 3) Astronomy is a science whereas astrology is a pseudo-science. The former studies the sun, the moon, stars and planets to get information about them whereas the latter observes them with the belief that their positions will tell about man’s destiny. B- Taking a closer look : p.142 Exercise 1, p 142: ( Names of the Planets - Starting from bottom to left ) Sun ►1.Mercury, 2.Venus, 3. Earth (Moon in the black box) , 4.Mars, 5. Jupiter, 6. Saturn , 7. Uranus, 8. Neptune 9. Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Exercise 2, p 142: ( Comprehension Questions ) A. The various heavenly bodies that constitute the solar system are : meteors- comets- asteriods- satellites/moons- planets and stars . B. The moon orbits the earth whereas the planets orbits the sun. C. The heavenly bodies’ speed is 12 miles per second. D. The heat energy and light energy make life possible on Earth. E. The planets are likened to huge mirrors because they reflect the light from the sun. Exercise 3, p 142: ( Converting temperatures from Fahrenheit into Celsius ) The Scales : Celsius Fahrenheit C=(F-32)x5/9 F=(Cx9/5)+32 1) 10,000 –32 X 5/9 = ……………°C 2) 27,000,000 –32 X 5/9 = …………….°F - 7 - C- Around the text : pp.