Wessex Archaeology SEA 7 Maritime Archaeology Technical Report Ref: 62170.02 November 2006 Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA 7 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY Technical Report Ref: 62170.02 November 2006 Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury SP4 6EB This document was produced as part of the UK Department of Trade and Industry's offshore energy Strategic Environmental Assessment programme. The SEA programme is funded and managed by the DTI and coordinated on their behalf by Geotek Ltd and Hartley Anderson Ltd. Crown Copyright, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 28778 Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA 7 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY Technical Report Ref: 62170.02 Acknowledgements This report has been commissioned by Geotek Ltd. and Hartley Anderson Ltd. on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry. Dietlind Paddenburg and Frank Mallon compiled the report, and the project was managed for Wessex Archaeology by Antony Firth. Kitty Brandon prepared the illustrations. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank: • Dr. Niall Brady of the Archaeological Diving Company Limited; • Dr. Colin Martin, Vice President of the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS); • Brian Williams of the Environment and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland; • Andrew Burke of Historic Scotland; • Wes Forsythe of the Centre For Maritime Archaeology, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland; • Dr Carol Swanson of the West of Scotland Archaeology Service; • Caroline Wickham-Jones; • Jeff Keep of New Frontier Diving; • Innes McCartney of Periscope Publishing Ltd. ii Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA 7 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY Technical Report Ref: 62170.02 Contents 1. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. APPROACH.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. DIFFICULTIES AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................................ 2 1.3. CONSULTATIONS......................................................................................................... 3 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 3 3. SEA OBJECTIVES AND BASELINE............................................................................ 4 4. LINKS TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL PLANS, POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS................................................... 4 4.1. INTERNATIONAL ......................................................................................................... 4 4.2. NATIONAL .................................................................................................................. 5 4.3. PROTECTION OF WRECKS ACT 1973 ........................................................................... 6 4.4. PROTECTION OF MILITARY REMAINS ACT 1986 ......................................................... 7 4.5. ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS ACT 1979 ............................ 8 4.6. MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT 1995................................................................................. 8 4.7. AIRCRAFT ................................................................................................................... 9 4.8. SCOTLAND ................................................................................................................ 10 National Planning Policy Guideline 5 ..................................................................... 10 National Planning Policy Guideline 13 ................................................................... 11 Planning Advice Note 42......................................................................................... 11 Shoreline Management Plans .................................................................................. 11 4.9. NORTHERN IRELAND................................................................................................. 11 Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (NI) Order 1995........................ 11 Planning Policy Statement 6.................................................................................... 12 5. HISTORY OF MARITIME ACTIVITY IN THE SEA 7 AREA............................... 12 5.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 12 5.2. LOWER, MIDDLE AND EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC (800,000 BP – 18,000 BP) ..... 12 5.3. LATE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC (18,000 BP–11,000 BP/9,000 BC) .............................. 13 5.4. MESOLITHIC (9,000 – 4,000 BC) .............................................................................. 13 5.5. NEOLITHIC (4,000 – 2,500 BC)................................................................................. 15 5.6. BRONZE AGE (2,500 – 700 BC) ................................................................................ 16 5.7. IRON AGE AND ROMAN (700 BC – 500 AD)............................................................. 17 5.8. EARLY MEDIEVAL (500 – 1177 AD)......................................................................... 19 5.9. MEDIEVAL (1170 – 1600 AD) .................................................................................. 23 5.10. POST-MEDIEVAL (1600 – 1800 AD)......................................................................... 26 iii 5.11. MODERN................................................................................................................... 29 6. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................. 32 6.1. OUTLINE ................................................................................................................... 32 6.2. PROTECTED WRECKS................................................................................................ 32 6.3. WRECK INVESTIGATION PROMPTED BY RESEARCH AND OUTREACH ........................ 33 6.4. DEVELOPMENT-LED INVESTIGATION........................................................................ 34 6.5. COASTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH.................................................................. 34 7. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION........................................................................................... 37 7.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 37 7.2. WRECK INVENTORIES ............................................................................................... 38 7.3. WRECKS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 39 7.4. THE INCIDENCE OF WRECKING: HAZARDS................................................................ 39 7.5. VOLUMES OF SHIPPING ............................................................................................. 40 8. IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................................... 40 8.1. LINKS TO OTHER PLANS, PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES ............................................ 40 8.2. MONITORING ............................................................................................................ 41 Outline ..................................................................................................................... 41 What needs to be monitored? .................................................................................. 41 What sort of information is required?...................................................................... 42 Where can information be obtained?....................................................................... 42 When should remedial action be considered? ......................................................... 44 What remedial action should be taken? ................................................................... 44 9. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 48 APPENDIX 1: DESIGNATED AND HISTORIC WRECKS IN THE SEA 7 STUDY AREA............... 54 HMS Dartmouth ...................................................................................................... 54 Duart Point............................................................................................................... 55 Kinlochbervie .......................................................................................................... 56 La Girona................................................................................................................. 57 Mingary Castle......................................................................................................... 58 Adelaar .................................................................................................................... 59 SS Norge.................................................................................................................. 60 iv Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA 7 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY Technical Report Ref: 62170.02 Figures Figure 1: Study area Figure 2: Archaeological sites Figure 3: Previous investigations Figure 4: Distribution of porcellanite axes Figure 5: Plan of Gormanstown logboat Figure 6: Allied and neutral merchant vessel and U-Boat losses from June 1940 to