LTE, HSPA, EvDO Network Types Table of Contents LTE, HSPA, EvDO .............................................................................................................................. 2 LTE, HSPA, EvDO Standards ............................................................................................................ 3 LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Governing Body ................................................................................................ 6 LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Network Types ................................................................................................. 8 LTE, HSPA, EvDO Signaling .............................................................................................................. 9 LTE, HSPA, EvDO Hardware ........................................................................................................... 19 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Notices .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Page 1 of 25 LTE, HSPA, EvDO LTE, HSPA, EvDO 29 **029 LTE, HSPA, and EvDO. What are those, other than really cool letters? I got people already looking at the next slide. Right? What industry are these coming from? This is cellular, right? This is 3G and 4G cellular service. Page 2 of 25 LTE, HSPA, EvDO Standards LTE, HSPA, EvDO Standards Wireless data standards used by mobile phone providers • Long Term Evolution (LTE) • High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) • Evolution Data Optimized (EvDO) Allow customers to access data services from their handsets LTE HSPA EvDO Speed (down) 300 Mb/s 88 Mb/s 4.9 Mb/s (Theoretical) (up) 75 Mb/s 22 Mb/s 1.8 Mb/s (per carrier) Technology GSM UMTS CDMA Evolution Network IP IP IP Type 3G transitional 3G transitional 3G transitional (LTE Advanced is 4G) 30 **030 And why are we talking about that in here? Because it's another data standard, correct? There was a time when we didn't really think of our phones as data devices. And depending what your age is, you may not yet think of a phone as a data device, but how many people have received somebody sending you a video or sending you a photo from their cell phone? We now get our email on our cell phones, right? They are data devices, and the whole cellular network is another infrastructure that you can move data on. Page 3 of 25 The good news is the cellular infrastructure does not operate on 2.4 GHz. Anybody know why? Student: You have to pay money to buy the spectrum. Joe Mayes: Yep. Eventually, yeah. And it's one of the few times the FCC has ever auctioned spectrum. Usually most spectrum is given away by the FCC, as long as you operate in the public interest. TV stations don't pay for their channels, but they must operate in the public interest or they can pull the license. That's why they have periodic license reviews, and that's why you'll see stations do, "If you have"-- "Our license is up for review, and if you want to comment, send your comments to somebody- somebody at the FCC." So, Long-Term Evolution, High-Speed Packet Access, or Evolution-Data Optimized, EvDO. You can see the data speeds there-- 300 megabits, 88 megabits, 4.9 megabits, per carrier. And then the technology evolution of GSM, Global Systems for Mobile; EMTS, or CDMA. CDMA is a very interesting technology. With CDMA you can have multiple stations operating on the same frequency at the same time, and they actually embed what's called a Walsh code on each signal so the two receivers can tell which one they should listen to and which one they can't listen to. When the company that developed this technology was beginning to put it together, all kinds of engineers Page 4 of 25 said, "This will never work," including engineers from very prestigious companies. Said, "This will never work." Guess which company went forth and developed it anyway. Student: Qualcomm. Joe Mayes: Qualcomm. And the fact that we know about Qualcomm means, by golly, it did work, and they made it work. Yep. CDMA-- Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA. Have multiple people broadcasting at the same time on the same frequency using something called a Walsh code. It's interesting to read about if you like technology. So I would recommend that you go out and read separately because we're not going to delve into it in this class, but it's an amazing little technology to see how CDMA actually works. Page 5 of 25 LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Governing Body LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Governing Body 3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project • Group of providers and manufacturers who work to define 3G cellular services, strategies, and policies worldwide — Focused on GSM networks 3GPP2 – 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 • Focused on CDMA / CDMA2000 networks 31 **031 So, one of the reasons it comes up in here is because we really do now have an active competition in the business world and in the world at large between which technology am I going to listen to-- right?-- which technology am I going to use. How many people have phones that have 3G and 4G on them? And also have 802.11, correct? You can connect to an access point or you can connect to a cellular network. What makes you choose one over the other, by the way? Student: If you're going to pay for data or not. Page 6 of 25 Joe Mayes: Whether you're paying for the data or not-- that's a big one. Student: You're going outside the country . Joe Mayes: If you're going outside the country, because then either you can't connect or the data rates are tremendous. What'd I see? I was just seeing that ad. I think one of the-- I'll leave the carrier name off, but one of the carriers was selling 400 megabits of data, foreign data, for 25 dollars. Twenty-five dollars for every 400 megabits when you went into Europe. And around here, we get upset when we have to pay 25 dollars for 4 gigabits, right? Or gigabytes. So, at the same time, in the back of the room, you talk about sometimes you're in a hotel and the wireless environment in the hotel is so clogged up that people will put out their iPad or whatever and make a local connection and say, "I'm done with this 802.11 network. I'm going to go over to my cellular network." Page 7 of 25 LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Network Types LTE, HSPA, EvDO – Network Types Similar to cellular voice calls • The handset communicates with a base station on the antenna tower, which relays the data signals to the provider. Internet Base Station Service Provider Network setup is similar to cellular voice calls. • Subscriber identification numbers are compared to the provider’s authorized customer’s number and allowed to communicate with the base station dependent on that decision. 32 **032 So. Network types. These systems, I think we all know how they operate. There are bay stations, cell towers, right? And a cell tower is connected back to a service provider, who connects back to the internet, and basically they're just an alternate ISP, internet service provider. You can treat them just like ISPs. I do work on Cisco routers, and Cisco routers can take cellular cards in the routers to make a backup network for when the wired network fails, and it can just roll right over and create an alternate connection through the cellular network as an ISP. Page 8 of 25 LTE, HSPA, EvDO Signaling LTE, HSPA, EvDO Signaling LTE Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) HSPA Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and MIMO EvDO Code Division Multiple Access / Time Division Multiplexing 3x3 Setup 9 Parallel Channels LTE Channel Power Frequency OFDM Multiple Carriers MIMO 33 **033 Oh, these are cool terms, right? Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. You like that one? Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Or quadrature amplitude modulation, with multiple- input, multiple-output. Or code division multiple access with time division multiplexing. What is all that stuff? Here's what it is. Let me see if I've got it on the next slide. Nope. I'll talk about this just briefly, because the stuff they use in these signaling are also used in 802.11. They're also used in modems. They're also used in all kinds of technologies, because there's really Page 9 of 25 only so many ways to do this stuff, and we keep using the same technologies over and over again. So, let's play a game. Any time you're using a radio transmission, anytime you're using RF, are you sending a digital signal, or an analog signal? Student: Analog. Student: Analog. Joe Mayes: Why does everybody say analog? Student: Because you've got to modulate it. Joe Mayes: Right, because it's a radio wave, right? And a digital signal would look like that. This you can do in Ethernet. Power on, power off, power on. When you send a radio signal, it sends with a carrier wave, and then you modulate the carrier wave. So, if I've got a carrier wave going along like this, one of the things it's supposed to do is it's supposed to be very even. And by even, that's what they mean when they say "unmodulated." "Unmodulated signal" doesn't mean a straight line; it means it doesn't change. And in this case, it's the waveform that doesn't change. Every waveform is the same as the next one. How can we change a waveform, by the way? Page 10 of 25 Student: Increase amplitude, frequency. Joe Mayes: This is amplitude. So if I'm going to change the amplitude-- that's a change in amplitude. Right? Another way? Student: Increase frequency. Student: Frequency change. Joe Mayes: Change in frequency. Right? Do we use these transmissions every day? Student: Yes. Joe Mayes: Sure we do. Now that I've said, AM radio. What do you think is being modulated there? Student: Amplitude. Joe Mayes: Right-- amplitude modulation.