Name_____________________________________Date______________Hour______ Bio 134 Ch. 21 Introduction to Plants p. 604-621 21.1 Plant Evolutions and Adaptations Adaptations to environmental changes on Earth contributed to Main idea the evolution of plants Plant Evolution Cell walls composed of cellulose What evidence is there that Cell division includes formation of cell plate present-day plants and Same type of chlorophyll used in photosynthesis present-day green algae have Food stored as starch common ancestry? Plant Adaptations to Land Environments 1. Cuticle Fatty Waxy coating on outer surface of cells * helps prevent evaporation of water from tissues 2. Stomata openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and stems * allows exchange of gasses between plant tissues and environment. 3. Vascular tissues Specialized transport tissue Vascular plants plants with vascular tissue Nonvascular plants plants without vascular tissue Name 2 functions of vascular tissues: 1 * enables faster movement of substances over greater distance 2 * provides structure and support Reproductive strategies What is the limiting factor in the reproduction of plants? Water - sperm and egg cannot unite without water seed plant structure that contains an embryo, nutrients for embryo, and is covered with a protective coat. Draw a sketch of a seed and label the following parts: Embryo Seed coat nutrients Alteration of Generations Alteration between a haploid gametophyte generation and a What is an alteration of diploid sporophyte generation generations? gametophyte produces - sperm and egg sporophyte produces - spores that grow to form the next gametophyte Plant Classification 12 3 nonvascular (mosses) How many plant divisions are 3 vascular non seed ( ferns) there? 5 Vascular seed (conifers) 21.2 Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants are small and usually grow in damp environments Main idea Must be in presence of water in order for materials to move within them What must be present in order for all nonvascular plants to reproduce? WATER Diversity of Nonvascular Plants Name 2 characteristics of nonvascular plants: 1 2 3 Division bryophyta Name 2 characteristics of these: 1 No true roots, stems or leaves 2 have rootlike rhiziods that anchor the plant to the soil or other surface example Ex. Sphagmum Division Anthocerophyta smallest division of nonvascular plants. What can be found in the spaces around the chloroplasts? Mucilage (slime) example mutualism Division Hepaticophyta How are these classified? Thallose or leafy example liverwort 21.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Generally are larger an dbetter adapted to drier environments than main idea nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue Diversity of Seedless Vascular Plants a complact cluster of sporebearing structures. Strobilus Division Lycophyta dominant sporophyte generation Example: club mosses Epiphyte plant that lives anchored to an object or other plant. Division Pterophyta Example: ferns and horsetails Rhizome food storage organ sporangium where fern spores form Sorus clusters of sporangia 21.4 Vascular Seed Plants Vascular seed plants are the most widely distributed plants on Earth main idea Diverstiy of Seed Plants Structures that store food or help absorb food for the tiny plant Cotyledons Name four adaptations for dispersal of seeds by seed plants: 1 clocklebur hooks 2 witchhazel ejects 3 Coconut floats 4 Pine seeds have winglike structures. Division Cycadophyta Cones contain male or female reproductive structures, those evolved before seeds. What is the natural habitat for found in tropics and subtropics. One species in Florida cycad plants? Division Gnetophyta How long can members of 1500 to 2000 years this division live? Division Ginkgophyta leaves are small and fan shaped Describe the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba. Division Coniferophyta What are the reproductive structures of conifers? most develop into cones Name 2 adaptations seen in conifers: 1 drooping branches - to carry the weight of snowfall 2 Waxlike coating covers needlelike leaves to reduce water loss. Division Anthophyta How are anhophytes (flowering plants) classified? Monocots or dicots Annual completes its life span in one growing season Biennial completes life span in 2 growing seasons perennial can live several yearrs and usually produces flowers and seeds yearly..