Preliminary Considerations Foundations The Basics Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Formal Verification using COQ Two lessons on Profgrammjvging with COQ Sim~ao Melo de Sousa RELEASE RELiablEA nd SEcure Computation Group Computer Science Department Universidade da Beira Interior S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations The Basics Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Plano 1 Preliminary Considerations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods 2 Foundations Once upon a time... Formal reasoning Inductive Definitions The essence of computation Programming is proving: The Curry-Howard Correspondence 3 The Basics 4 Getting Serious 5 Concluding Remarks Success Stories That's all folks S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Outline 1 Preliminary Considerations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods 2 Foundations 3 The Basics 4 Getting Serious 5 Concluding Remarks S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks An appetizer Software and cathedrals are much the same. First we build them, then we pray. Anonymous Formal Methods approach: Aide toi, et le ciel t'aidera! Jean de La Fontaine - Le Chartier embourb´e. Livre VI - Fable 18. ...That what this course (and these two lessons) is about. S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks COQ COQ is a Interactive Proof Assistant, thus: 1 COQ is a Heavyweight Formal Method: Powerful, yes... but not for all. 2 Roughly and in a picture, COQ can be seen as a \MATLAB for proofs" 3 Can be used for The formalization of constructive mathematics (e.g. most of \The Hundred Greatest Theorems" have been proved in COQ) The formal verification of programs (our focus in these two lessons) 4 Is not intended in its present form as a tool to be integrated in a \regular" software development process. 5 Nevertheless, COQ is successfully used in the industry. It belongs to the family of tools that are advocated by the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation (the international standard ISO/IEC 15408 for computer security) for the highest evaluations. S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks COQ Research institution and universities that use COQ : (France) Ecole Normale Sup´erieure (ULM, Lyon), Ecole Polytechnique, INRIA (Sophia Antipolis, LORIA, IRISA), Paris 7, LRI-Paris Sud and much more. (USA) CMU, Berkeley, Cornell, Stanford, Harvard, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, etc... (NL) Nijmegen, (Sweden) Chalmers etc... Here in Portugal: FCUP, UM, IST, UBI, MAPi. Some Companies that use COQ: Dassault Aviation, France Telecom, CEA, Trusted Logic, Gemauto, etc... S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Resources Some resources: website : http://coq.inria.fr, a very good, complete and exhaustive book about COQ, The COQ'Art: http://www.labri.u-bordeaux.fr/perso/casteran/CoqArt/index.html, a wiki http://logical.futurs.inria.fr/cocorico. <pub> the forthcoming Springer-Verlag book \Rigorous Software Development" by Jorge Sousa Pinto, Jos´eCarlos Bacelar and myself (scheduled for 2009) that will include a chapter on Formal Verification with COQ (but also Design by Contract, Model based Specification and Verification) </pub> S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Resources Coq comes with a compiler coqc and a toplevel (coqtop) Interface for Editing Proofs: CoqIDE, the graphical user interface distributed with Coq. http://coq.inria.fr/coqide/ ProofGeneral. ProofGeneral is an EMACS generic interface for proof assistants. http://proofgeneral.inf.ed.ac.uk/ Presenting Proofs: coqdoc exports vernacular file to TeX or HTML. It is part of the Coq distribution and documented in the Reference Manual. Related Tools for Software Verification (tools belonging to the galaxy of \Design By Contract-JML" and that target COQ): Caduceus - FramaC: http://why.lri.fr/caduceus/index.en.html Krakatoa: http://krakatoa.lri.fr/ Why: http://why.lri.fr/index.en.html S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks The Main Quest of Formal Methods The Quest: Provide evidences that a computer/software artifact has a given (expected) behavior S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks The Main Quest of Formal Methods The Quest: Provide evidences that a computer/software artifact has a given (expected) behavior − model Central Notion of that brings the object under study to − specification mathematics. S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks The Main Quest of Formal Methods The Quest: Provide evidences that a computer/software artifact has a given (expected) behavior This quest can be split into two sub-problems to solve: Guarantees of behavior: How to ensure/verify, at the model level, a given behavior? Model versus Implementation: 1 How to obtain, from the model, an implementation that follows its behavior? 2 How to ensure that a given code shares the same behavior with the model? COQ provides support for these two sub-problems: Model, prove, and extract to programming languages S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Proof \by hands", but the proof is expressed in a rigorous language. =) Much more rigorous (e.g. Lamport, etc...) i.e. in the same framework: the model and its \conformance" proof are done in the same framework, systematic/mechanical verification of the proof of the model properties proofs. Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Specifying and Proving properties Proofs \by hand", expressed in a natural language. The proof is validated only if 3 kinds of support for the Formal there is consensus by the research verification (J. Rushby) community. 1 Tools that just provide a formal environment 2 Tools that provide a formal system for the precise formulation of the reasoning 3 Tools that provide a formal system and computational support for the precise formulation of the reasoning Where are we? =) COQ belong to the \level 3" family S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Proofs \by hand", expressed in a natural language. The proof is validated only if there is consensus by the research community. =) Much more rigorous (e.g. Lamport, etc...) i.e. in the same framework: the model and its \conformance" proof are done in the same framework, systematic/mechanical verification of the proof of the model properties proofs. Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Specifying and Proving properties 3 kinds of support for the Formal verification (J. Rushby) 1 Tools that just provide a formal environment Proof \by hands", but the proof is 2 Tools that provide a formal system expressed in a rigorous language. for the precise formulation of the reasoning 3 Tools that provide a formal system and computational support for the precise formulation of the reasoning Where are we? =) COQ belong to the \level 3" family S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Proofs \by hand", expressed in a natural language. The proof is validated only if there is consensus by the research community. Proof \by hands", but the proof is expressed in a rigorous language. Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Specifying and Proving properties 3 kinds of support for the Formal verification (J. Rushby) 1 Tools that just provide a formal environment 2 Tools that provide a formal system for the precise formulation of the reasoning =) Much more rigorous (e.g. Lamport, 3 Tools that provide a formal system etc...) i.e. in the same framework: and computational support for the the model and its \conformance" proof are precise formulation of the reasoning done in the same framework, systematic/mechanical verification of the proof of the model properties proofs. Where are we? =) COQ belong to the \level 3" family S. Melo de Sousa Coq in two lessons Proofs \by hand", expressed in a natural language. The proof is validated only if there is consensus by the research community. Proof \by hands", but the proof is expressed in a rigorous language. Preliminary Considerations Foundations Formal Methods, Formal Verification and COQ The Basics Proof Assistants in the Jungle of Formal Methods Getting Serious Concluding Remarks Specifying and Proving properties 3 kinds of support for the Formal verification (J. Rushby) 1 Tools that just provide a formal environment 2 Tools that provide a formal system for the precise formulation of the reasoning =) Much more rigorous (e.g. Lamport, 3 Tools that provide a formal system etc...) i.e.