Kirindi Oya Irrigation and Settlement Project Project Impact Evalluation Study Volume I: Main Report (final) February 1995 International Irrigaltion Management Institute Colombo Sri Lanka fi 17013 Table of Contents Page ExecutiveSummary ..................................................... v Acknowledgements ..................................................... xvii Abbreviations ......................................................... xix Glossary ............................................................ xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Land Settlement in Sri Lanla .................................... 1 1.2 The Kirindi Oya Imgation and Settlement Project: PhaseIandPhaseII ........................................... 1 1.3 KOISP - Objectives ............................................ 2 1.4 Context and Objectives for the Impact Study ........................ 7 1.5 Scope of the Study - Maim Components ............................ 8 CHAPTER 2 IRRIGATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 2.1 Introduction ................................................ 11 2.2 Methodology ............................................... 11 2.3 Irrigable Area ............................................... 12 2.4 Water Resources of Kirindi Oya Basin ............................ 12 2.5 Lunugamvehera Reservoir Release ............................... 12 2.6 Development of Agro-wells. in the Command Area .................. 13 2.7 Reuse of Drainage water ....................................... 13 2.8 Design Assumptions and their Realization ......................... 13 2.9 Design Management 1nteral:tions ................................ 14 2.10 Design Construction Conformity ................................ 14 2.11 Post-Construction Data Collection Program in KOISP ................. 15 2.12 Maintenance Management ..................................... 15 2.13 Irrigation Performance ........................................ 15 2.14 Farmers' Perception about Construction of Irrigation Systems .......... 16 2.15 Farmers' Perception about higation Problems ...................... 16 2.16 LessonsLeamed ............................................. 17 CHAPTER 3 LAND DEVELOPMENT AND SE'lTLEMENT 3.1 Methodology ............................................... 19 3.2 Pre-Project Status ............................................ 19 3.3 Projectplan ................................................. 21 3.4 Land Settlement ............................................. 21 3.4.1 Settler Select on Scheme ............................ 21 3.5 Assistance to the Settlers ....................................... 22 3.5.1 Agricultural Assistance ............................ 23 3.5.2 Housing Pro:;ram ................................. 23 3.5.3 Food Program ................................... 24 3.6 Operational Problems of Settlements ............................. 24 3.6.1 Boundary Disputes ................................ 24 3.6.2 Settler Migration and Non-Resident Allotees ............ 25 i 3.6.3 Reallocatioiit of Land .............................. 25 3.6.4 Other Probl~ems .................................. 25 CHAPTER 4 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 4.1 Introduction ................................................ 27 4.2 Education .................................................. 27 4.2.1 Educational Status ................................ 28 4.2.2 Problems wiith Project Schools ....................... 28 4.2.3 Benefits of I?roject Schools .......................... 29 4.3 Health ..................................................... 30 4.3.1 Health Facillities in the Pre-Project Period ............... 30 4.3.2 Health Facilities during and after the KOISP ............ 30 4.3.3 Malaria and Water Borne Diseases .................... 31 4.3.4 Other Healtlh Indicators ............................ 31 4.3.5 Recommendations ................................ 31 4.4 Nutrition ................................................... 32 4.5 RoadNetwork .............................................. 33 4.5.1 PublicTran.,spo rt .................................. 33 4.5.2 Maintenam? of Project Roads ........................ 33 4.5.3 Evaluation of Project Roads ........................ 33 4.6 CooperativeShops ........................................... 34 4.7 ProduceStores .............................................. 34 4.8 Drinking Water .............................................. 35 4.8.1 Settlers' 0p:inions and Problems ...................... 35 4.9 Otherservices ............................................... 36 4.10 Overall Impact of the Projwt Infrastructure Facilities ................. 38 CHAPTER 5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 5.1 Methodology ............................................... 39 5.2 Demographic Characteristilcs .................................... 40 5.3 Housing and Sanitation ....................................... 41 5.3.1 Type and Siize of Houses ........................... 41 5.3.2 Water and Slanitation .............................. 41 5.4 Household Durable .......................................... 42 5.5 Employment ................................................ 42 5.5.1 Characterist.,cs of Labor Force ....................... 42 5.5.2 Type of Employment .............................. 43 5.6 Income and Assets ........................................... 43 5.7 Household Expenditure ....................................... 45 CHAPTER 6 CROP PRODUCTION 6.1 Introduction ................................................ 47 6.2 Methodology ............................................... 47 6.3 Crop Production prior to the Project .............................. 47 6.3.1 Land Use Pattern ................................. 47 6.3.2 Rice Cultivaliion .................................. 48 6.3.3 Farming Sysitems ................................. 48 6.3.4 Technology Adoption .............................. 48 ii I- 6.4 Crop Production .Current Situation .............................. 49 6.4.1 Rice Cultivation .................................. 49 6.4.2 Cultivation of Other Field Crops ..................... 49 6.4.3 Cropping Intensity ................................ 50 6.4.4 Chena Cultwation ................................ 50 6.4.5 Total Production ................................. 50 6.5 FarmBudget ................................................ 51 6.5.1 Cost of Rice Cultivation ............................ 51 6.5.2 Cost of Oth\rr Field Crops Cultivation ................. 51 6.6 Technology Adoption ......................................... 52 6.7 Institutional Support .......................................... 52 6.7.1 Fertilizers and Ago-Chemicals ...................... 52 6.7.2 Agricultural Extension and Training .................. 53 6.7.3 Agricultural Research .............................. 53 6.7.4 Institutional Credit and Insurance .................... 53 6.7.5 Agricultural Marketing ............................. 54 CHAPTER 7 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT 7.1 Introduction ................................................ 55 7.2. Methodology ............................................... 55 7.3 Cattle and Buffalo Husbandry in the Pre-KOISP Period ............... 56 7.4 The KOISP and Livestock Raising ................................ 57 7.4.1 Buffalo and Cattle Populations ....................... 58 7.4.2 Herd Characteristics ............................... 59 7.4.3 Milk Productivity ................................. 59 7.5 Profitability of Buffalo and Cattle Raising .......................... 60 7.6 Supporting Services .......................................... 60 7.6.1 The Cattle and Buffalo Upgrading Program ............. 61 7.6.2 Milk Collection and Marketing ....................... 61 7.6.3 Extension ....................................... 61 7.6.4 Veterinary Services ................................ 62 7.6.5 Institutional Credit ................................ 62 7.6.6 Cattle Owners Associations ......................... 62 7.7 Problems of Livestock Raising .................................. 63 7.7.1 Insufficient Grazing Land ........................... 63 7.7.2 Milk Marketing Problems ........................... 63 7.7.3 Inadequate Veterinary Services ...................... 64 7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................. 64 CHAPTER 8 FORESTRY 8.1 Introduction ................................................ 67 8.2 Methodology ............................................... 67 8.3 Nursery Development ......................................... 67 8.4 Woodlot Development ........................................ 68 8.5 Homelot Development ........................................ 69 8.6 Medicinal Herb Gardens ....................................... 69 8.7 Roadside Avenue Planting ..................................... 69 8.8 LiveFencing ................................................ 70 iii 8.9 Extension Services .......................................... 70 8.10 Forests in the Project Are;:) ..................................... 71 8.11 Elephant Relocation ......................................... 71 CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENT 9.1 Introduction ............................................... 73 9.2 Methodology .............................................. 73 9.3 Disturbances in Lagoon Eicology and the Bundala Bird Sanctuary ....... 74 9.3.1 TheBundaliaLagoon .............................. 74 9.3.2 TheEmbdWaand Malala Lagoons ................... 75 9.3.3 TheBunda18aBird Sanctuary ......................... 75 9.4 Salinity Hazards ............................................. 76 9.4.1 The New higation System ......................... 76 9.4.2 The Old EUlegala