Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Tourism in Destination Communities 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:07 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:07 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Tourism in Destination Communities Edited by S. Singh Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies Brock University Canada and Centre for Tourism Research and Development Lucknow India D.J. Timothy Department of Recreation Management and Tourism Arizona State University USA and R.K. Dowling School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia CABI Publishing 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Friday, January 03, 2003 1:52:23 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 44 Brattle Street Wallingford 4th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02138 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tourism in destination communities / edited by S. Singh, D.J. Timothy, and R.K. Dowling. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-611-6 1. Tourism. 2. Tourism--Social aspects. I. Singh, Shalini. II. Timothy, Dallen J. III. Dowling, Ross Kingston. G155.A1 T59212 2002 338.4′791--dc21 2002005998 ISBN 0 85199 611 6 Typeset in NewBaskerville by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Friday, January 03, 2003 1:52:13 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Part I: Community Tourism Perspectives 1 1 Tourism and Destination Communities 3 S. Singh, D.J. Timothy and R.K. Dowling 2 Destination Communities: Structures, Resources and Types 19 S.W. Boyd and S. Singh Part II: Community Tourism Dynamics 35 3 The Economics of Tourism in Host Communities 37 D. Ioannides 4 Tourism and Local Society and Culture 55 M. Fagence 5 Heritage, Identity and Places: for Tourists and Host Communities 79 G.J. Ashworth v 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:07 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen vi Contents 6 Politics and Place: an Analysis of Power in Tourism Communities 99 C.M. Hall 7 Self-determination: Exercising Indigenous Rights in Tourism 115 A.M. Johnston 8 Generating Goodwill in Tourism through Ethical Stakeholder Interactions 135 D.A. Fennell and K. Przeclawski Part III: Challenges and Opportunities for Destination Communities 153 9 Development Issues in Destination Communities 155 D.J. Telfer 10 Appropriate Planning for Tourism in Destination Communities: Participation, Incremental Growth and Collaboration 181 D.J. Timothy and C. Tosun 11 Community Attitudes: Tourism Development in Natural Environments 205 R.K. Dowling 12 Local Involvement in Managing Tourism 229 R. Scheyvens 13 Presenting Destinations: Marketing Host Communities 253 G. Moscardo and P. Pearce 14 Understanding Tourism and Destination Communities 273 D.J. Timothy, S. Singh and R.K. Dowling Index 277 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:08 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contributors Contributors G.J. Ashworth, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, International School of Spatial Policy Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands S.W. Boyd, Department of Tourism, Otago University, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand R.K. Dowling, School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia M. Fagence, Department of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia D.A. Fennell, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada C.M. Hall, Department of Tourism, Otago University, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand D. Ioannides, Department of Geography, Geology and Planning, Southwest Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65804, USA A.M. Johnston, International Support Centre for Sustainable Tourism, PO Box 1212 Lillooet, BC V0K 1V0, Canada G. Moscardo, Tourism Program, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 48111, Australia P. Pearce, Tourism Program, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 48111, Australia K. Przeclawski, University of Warsaw, Wilcza 55/63-37, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland R. Scheyvens, Geography Programme, Massey University, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand vii 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Friday, January 03, 2003 1:53:02 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen viii Contributors S. Singh, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L25 3A1, Canada; and Centre for Tourism Research and Development, A-965/6 Indira Nagar, Lucknow, India D.J. Telfer, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada D.J. Timothy, Department of Recreation Management and Tourism, Arizona State University, PO Box 874905, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA C. Tosun, School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Mustafa Kemal University, Numune Mah., 31200 Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:08 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Preface Preface This book owes its inception to the international journal Tourism Recreation Research, which had proposed a special issue on the theme of host commu- nities in 1996. For various reasons, this special issue never came to fruition, so the idea to create a book on the subject was introduced, which we were pleased to spearhead with some important guidance from Dr Tej Vir Singh. At the time, sufficient evidence existed within the tourism literature to indi- cate that there are unique and unmistakable dynamics at play in places where tourists spend their time and money, as well as the unavoidable and important involvement of destination community members in the growth and management of tourism. Also, new destinations are constantly being ‘discovered’ in regions that heretofore have been largely ignored (e.g. places on the world periphery) by traditional tourists as people have started seeking out destinations that are as yet unspoiled by the ravages of mass tourism. At the same time, traditional, well-developed destinations have experienced rapid tourism-induced change and have begun looking for alternative ways of mitigating the negative side of tourism and enhancing its positive outcomes. Thus, we felt that further efforts were needed to consoli- date the extant knowledge and substantiate existing findings into a book form that would provide guidance to students, educators and tourism com- munity managers regarding how best to enhance, control and critically examine tourism in the places where its effects are most notable. The primary objective of this multi-authored book is to create an understanding about the role of tourism in solving and creating problems simultaneously in locations where tourist experiences are created. A great deal of brainstorming was done between the editors and other reviewers ix 9 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:08 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen x Preface regarding the most critical and apparent subjects at the level of destination community and which should be included in this volume. The themes iden- tified herein are the results of this collaborative effort. The book provides a review of many of the primary issues, concepts, themes and theories related to tourism from the perspective of the destination community. The making of this work brought together people from a wide range of backgrounds. Academics, activists, field workers, consultants, colleagues, friends and family members came together for the cause, and we are grateful for their cooperation and support. Shalini Singh Lucknow, India Dallen J. Timothy Tempe, Arizona, USA and Ross K. Dowling Perth, Australia 10 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4398 - Singh\A4456 - Singh - First Revise A.vp Tuesday, December 10, 2002 12:18:08 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The editors wish to express their gratitude to the contributors, who kept to the initial schedule and produced high-quality reviews of current thinking in the research on destination communities. We would like to offer a special thank you to the reviewers of the initial book proposal and the anonymous reviewers who meticulously read and helped improve each individual chapter throughout the editing process. To Dr Tej Vir Singh we owe a special debt