Deliverable 4.3 Lesson learned on urban gardening phenomenon Main Authors: Matjaž Glavan, Marina Pintar, Majda Černič-Istenič, Guido Sali, Stefano Corsi, Chiara Mazzocchi, Federica Monaco, Ulrich Schmutz, Elizabeth Bos, Moya Kneafsey, Alexandra Doernberg, Annette Piorr, Regine Berges, Jeroen Kruit, Theresa Mbatia, Romborah Robert Simiyu, Owuor Samuel Ouma, Dirk Wascher Due date of deliverable: 31 March 2015 Actual submission date: 28 July 2015 Keywords: Urban gardening, local, food provision Typology of urban gardens Socio-economic analysis 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Tabel of Figures ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Table of Annexes ............................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Description of work and roles of partners............................................................................................... 9 2. Urban Agriculture and gardening ................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Definition and characteristics of urban agriculture ............................................................................... 11 2.2 History and trends in urban agriculture ................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Urban gardening .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Opportunities of Urban Agriculture ...................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Challenges of urban agriculture ............................................................................................................ 13 3. Methodology for defining urban gardening ................................................................................................ 15 3.1 Typology criteria for selected urban gardening stories ......................................................................... 15 3.2 Urban gardening socio-economic survey – semi-structured interviews/questionnaires ..................... 17 3.3 Urban gardening agro-economic analysis methodology ....................................................................... 18 4. Results by Case Study Metropolitan Region ................................................................................................ 20 4.1 Berlin Metropolitan Region (BMR) ........................................................................................................ 20 4.1.1 Typology of urban gardening in Berlin ........................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 Map of urban gardening areas in the urban area of Berlin ............................................................ 22 4.1.3 Selected urban gardening stories from Berlin ................................................................................ 24 4.2 Ljubljana Metropolitan Region (LjMR - Slovenia) .................................................................................. 29 4.1.1 Typology of urban gardening in Ljubljana ...................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Map of urban gardening areas in the urban area .......................................................................... 31 4.1.3 Selected urban gardening stories from Ljubljana ........................................................................... 32 4.2.4 Land management regulations for allotment gardens in the city .................................................. 40 4.2.5 Soil analysis of vegetable gardens in Ljubljana metropolitan region ............................................. 41 4.3 London Metropolitan Region (LoMR) .................................................................................................... 48 4.3.1 Typology of Urban Gardening in London........................................................................................ 48 4.3.2 Map of urban gardening areas in the urban area of London ......................................................... 52 4.3.3 Selected urban gardening stories from London ............................................................................. 53 4.4 Milano Metropolitan Region (MMR) ..................................................................................................... 65 2 4.4.1 Typology of Urban gardening in Milano ......................................................................................... 65 4.4.2 Map of urban gardening areas in the Milan urban area ................................................................ 69 4.4.3 Selected urban gardening stories from Milano .............................................................................. 70 4.4.4 Land management regulations for allotment gardens in the city .................................................. 76 4.5 Nairobi Metropolitan Region (NMR) ..................................................................................................... 77 4.5.1 Typology of Urban gardening in Nairobi ........................................................................................ 77 4.5.2 Map of urban gardening areas in the Nairobi urban area .............................................................. 81 4.5.3 Selected urban gardening stories from Nairobi ............................................................................. 82 4.5.4 Land management regulations for urban gardening in the city ..................................................... 88 4.6 Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag (MRDH) ..................................................................................... 90 4.6.1 Current situation ............................................................................................................................ 90 4.6.2 The Hague’s Food Strategy ............................................................................................................. 92 4.6.3 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................... 92 4.6.4 Typology of Urban gardening in Den Haag/Rotterdam .................................................................. 94 4.6.5 Selected urban gardening stories from Den Haag/Rotterdam....................................................... 97 5. Results of socio-economic survey ............................................................................................................. 101 5.1 Socio-environmental perspectives ...................................................................................................... 101 5.1.1 About gardener and household .................................................................................................... 101 5.1.2 About gardener growing space .................................................................................................... 105 5.1.3 Growing Methods ......................................................................................................................... 107 5.1.4 Growing skills and knowledge ...................................................................................................... 110 5.1.5 Motivation for gardening ............................................................................................................. 111 5.1.6 A contribution of gardening to food supply and household budget ............................................ 112 5.1.7 The impact of home growing ........................................................................................................ 114 5.2 Agro-economic perspectives ............................................................................................................... 115 5.2.1 Ljubljana agro-economic calculation ............................................................................................ 116 5.2.2 London agro-economic calculation .............................................................................................. 117 5.2.3 Milano agro-economic calculation ............................................................................................... 118 5.2.4 Nairobi agro-economic calculation ............................................................................................... 119 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 120 6.1 Empirical sociological findings on urban gardening ............................................................................ 120 6.2 Economic calculation in urban gardening ..........................................................................................