Entrepreneurship as Social Change Entrepreneurship as Social Change A Third Movements in Entrepreneurship Book Edited by Chris Steyaert University of St Gallen, Switzerland and Daniel Hjorth Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, and ESBRI and Växjö University, Sweden In association with ESBRI Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © Chris Steyaert and Daniel Hjorth 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensanda House Montpellier Parade Cheltenham Glos GL50 1UA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Entrepreneurship as social change : a third new movements in entrepreneurship book / edited by Chris Steyaert, Daniel Hjorth. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Social entrepreneurship. 2. Social change. I. Steyaert, Chris. II. Hjorth, Daniel. HD60.E587 2006 338′.04—dc22 2006011134 ISBN-13: 978 1 84542 366 7 ISBN-10: 1 84542 366 6 Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Camberley, Surrey Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii List of contributors ix Foreword and acknowledgements xi Introduction: what is social in social entrepreneurship? 1 Chris Steyaert and Daniel Hjorth PART ONE: CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1. Social entrepreneurship: the view of the young Schumpeter 21 Richard Swedberg 2. The practice of social entrepreneurship: notes toward a resource-perspective 35 Yohanan Stryjan 3. Communities in the global economy: where social and indigenous entrepreneurship meet 56 Robert B. Anderson, Benson Honig and Ana Maria Peredo 4. Location and relocation, visions and revisions: opportunities for social entrepreneurship 79 Ellen S. O’Connor 5. Public entrepreneurship: moving from social/consumer to public/citizen 97 Daniel Hjorth and Björn Bjerke 6. The rhetoric of social entrepreneurship: paralogy and new language games in academic discourse 121 Pascal Dey PART TWO: CONTEXTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE 7. Entrepreneurship, shifting life orientations and social change in the countryside 145 Denise Fletcher and Tony Watson 8. Women, Mother Earth and the business of living 165 Kathryn Campbell v vi Contents 9. The dynamics of community identity making in an industrial district: the spirit of Gnosjö revisited 188 Bengt Johannisson and Caroline Wigren 10. Entrepreneurship as boundary work: deviating from and belonging to community 210 Monica Lindgren and Johann Packendorff 11. Discursive diversity in fashioning entrepreneurial identity 231 Karin Berglund 12. City of enterprise, city as prey? On urban entrepreneurial spaces 251 Timon Beyes Notes 271 References 277 Index 317 List of figures 1.1 Economic change and social entrepreneurship, according to the young Schumpeter 34 2.1 Modes of conversion and reproduction 54 3.1 The global economy, after Anderson et al. (2003) 73 5.1 From social/consumer to public/citizen 102 7.1 The relationship between social change and entrepreneurs and their clients ‘becoming other’ 152 vii List of tables 1.1 The Man of Action and the Non-Entrepreneurial Person, according to the young Schumpeter 29 2.1 The enterprises: activity and resource mix 47 2.2 The team: members and strategies 50 3.1 The characteristics of aboriginal economic development, adapted from Anderson and Giberson (2004, p. 142) 57 9.1 Participants in social worlds – a typology 195 9.2 The outsider as an insurgent 203 viii List of contributors Robert B. Anderson, University of Regina, [email protected] Karin Berglund, Mälardalen University, [email protected] Timon Beyes, University of St Gallen, [email protected] Björn Bjerke, Malmö University, [email protected] Kathryn Campbell, Trent University, [email protected] Pascal Dey, University of St Gallen, [email protected] Denise Fletcher, University of Sheffield, [email protected] Daniel Hjorth, Copenhagen Business School & Växjö University, [email protected] Benson Honig, Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Bengt Johannisson, Växjö University, [email protected] Monica Lindgren, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, [email protected] Ellen S. O’Connor, University of Paris Dauphine, [email protected] Johann Packendorff, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, [email protected] Ana Maria Peredo, University of Victoria, [email protected] Chris Steyaert, University of St Gallen, [email protected] Yohanan Stryjan, Södertörns högskola (Södertörn University College), [email protected] ix x Contributors Richard Swedberg, Cornell University, [email protected] Tony Watson, Nottingham University Business School, [email protected] Caroline Wigren, Jönköping International Business School, [email protected] Foreword and acknowledgements Entrepreneurship as Social Change is the third book in a miniseries of four publications called Movements in Entrepreneurship. The journey from a so- called writers’ workshop to a publishable manuscript is a collective process wherein the quality of dialogue and conversation needs to develop into a focused and enriched book. A new movement in the field of entrepreneurship – in this case social entrepreneurship – is taken up for the purpose of a critical and crucial discussion that does not reproduce just more of the same (entre- preneurship), but rather creates a chance to change our understanding of entre- preneurship itself. Whether this book succeeds in accomplishing such a movement, we will leave up to the interested and critical readers. This cannot prevent us from acknowledging the committed efforts of many direct and indi- rect contributors that have made the transition from workshop to book a smooth and worthwhile endeavour. With the theme of the ‘earth’ – after the ones of water (see New Movements in Entrepreneurship, Steyaert and Hjorth, 2003) and air (see Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship, Hjorth and Steyaert, 2004) – we entered the site of the small and beautiful village of Tällberg, Sweden. The village resides on a slope looking down on Lake Siljan. Lake Siljan is one reminder of the third largest meteorite impact in our planet’s history. Around 360 million years ago, a 4-km large meteor fell from space and had an enor- mous impact on the Earth here, making it a worthy place to explore the groundings of entrepreneurship. Close to Tällberg, we visited the extraordi- nary festival stage of Dalhalla, a former limestone quarry. The open mining in this area has created a natural amphitheatre – 400 m long, 175 m wide and 60 m deep. How this performance arena came about offers an excellent illustra- tion of cultural entrepreneurship as social change, which was shared with the workshop participants through the intriguing story told by Per Frankelius (University of Örebro). We are grateful for his contribution. Furthermore, Ellen O’Connor (University of Paris Dauphine) and Tor Hernes (Norwegian School of Management BI) gave excellent keynotes to stimulate discussions. We would also like to thank all participants in the workshop including those whose contributions did not make it into the book. Many of the participants acted also as valuable reviewers for the papers of other authors during and after the workshop. We also acknowledge the valuable contribution of the external (anonymous) reviewers who helped us in sharpening the arguments of xi xii Foreword and acknowledgements the different chapters. In particular, we would like to thank Magnus Aronsson who, as director of ESBRI, organized a flawless workshop event that made the whole experience pleasant and socially stimulating. The publisher Edward Elgar – especially Francine O’Sullivan and Jo Betteridge – have responded with patience and enthusiasm, two rare qualities that we value considerably in this cooperation. Finally, the editors’ special ‘thanks’ go to Pascal Dey, whose intellectual and practical support in preparing the final manuscript has been invaluable. Keep looking at the ‘Movements’, Chris and Daniel Introduction: what is social in social entrepreneurship? Chris Steyaert and Daniel Hjorth This book investigates the social of social entrepreneurship: what is meant by connecting entrepreneurship with the social? How does the social make social entrepreneurship different from entrepreneurship, if at all? Is social entrepre- neurship a new field within entrepreneurship research that needs its own theo- ries and concepts? Or is it just an epitheton ornans and is it better to question any distinction between entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship? Or, yet again, does the social appellation create new chances to probe into the social- ity of entrepreneurship and into a (new) entrepreneuriality of society? The title of this third Movements in Entrepreneurship book – Entrepreneurship as Social Change – suggests a probing answer in the form of claiming a double sociality for entrepreneurship. Firstly, the title indicates that entrepreneurship is connected to social change and societal transforma- tion. This is an observation, belief and concept that has become popular in the recent rise in interest in social entrepreneurship, which we