LALUT BIRAI The ecology of a rainforest in the heart of Borneo Ekologi hutan hujan di jantung Kalimantan by / oleh: Stephan Wulffraat, Prilmax Tatengkeng & Andris Salo 2005 Published by WWF – Kayan Mentarang Project, Tarakan 2005. ISBN 979-99919-2-7 The Kayan Mentarang Project is a joint collaboration between: The Ministry of Forestry of the Government of Indonesia And The World Wide Fund for Nature- Indonesia © WWF-Indonesia Daftar Isi Table of Contents Introduction (and Summary) / Pendahuluan (dan Ringkasan) ix Preface (by Mr. Anyie Apuy) / Kata pengantar oleh Anyie Apuy xvii Production team / Tim produksi xix Acknowledgements / Ucapan terima kasih xxi Visiting scientists and students / Tamu peneliti dan mahasiswa xxiii THE RESEARCH AREA / KAWASAN PENELITIAN .................................................... 1 General geography / Geografi ................................................................................................. 3 The permanent plots / Plot-plot permanen .............................................................................. 6 The transects / Transek ............................................................................................................. 17 The lower Enggeng river / Sungai Enggeng Bagian Hilir ......................................................... 24 THE UPPER ENGGENG LANDSCAPE / BENTUK DAN PENUTUPAN LAHAN DI HULU ENGGENG ............................................ 28 LAND USE HISTORY / SEJARAH PEMANFAATAN LAHAN .................................... 42 CLIMATE / IKLIM ............................................................................................................... 53 PHENOLOGY / FENOLOGI .............................................................................................. 57 Introduction / Pendahuluan ..................................................................................................... 57 Leaf production and leaf shedding / Produksi daun dan pengguguran daun ......................... 58 Flowers and fruits / Pembungaan dan Pembuahan .................................................................. 66 Fruit phenology of some important species / Fenologi buah dari beberapa jenis yang terpenting .................................................................................................................................. 78 GROWTH, RECRUITMENT AND MORTALITY / PERTUMBUHAN, PERTAMBAHAN POHON DAN MORTALITAS ................................ 83 Permanent plot 1 / Plot 1 ........................................................................................................ 84 Permanent plot 3 / Plot 3 ........................................................................................................ 89 Permanent plot 2 / Plot 2 ........................................................................................................ 93 Permanent plot 4 / Plot 4 ........................................................................................................ 95 REGENERATION / REGENERASI .................................................................................. 98 v FOREST PRODUCTIVITY / PRODUKTIFITAS HUTAN ............................................. 101 Components and species / Komponen dan jenis ...................................................................... 101 Differences per forest type and fluctuations / Perbedaan antara tipe hutan dan fluktuasi ...... 105 LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION / DEKOMPOSISI SERASAH DAUN ................. 108 Decomposition rates of two important species and the impact of larger decomposing fauna / Tingkat dekomposisi dari dua jenis penting dan pengaruhnya terhadap fauna yang melakukan dekomposisi. ............................................................................................................................. 109 Comparison of the decomposition rate of the leaves of five important species / Perbandingan tingkat dekomposisi dari lima jenis daun terpenting. ............................................. 111 REFORESTATION / PEMULIHAN HUTAN ................................................................... 113 Cultivation of Aquilaria incense wood trees (Gaharu) / Penanaman pohon kayu dupa Aquilaria (Gaharu, Sekau) ............................................................ 113 Ironwood - (Eusideroxylon zwageri) / Ulin, Bele’en – (Eusideroxylon zwageri) ..................... 117 Lemelai - Afzelia rhomboidea / Lemelai - Afzelia rhomboidea ............................................... 118 Fruit trees / Pohon buah .......................................................................................................... 119 SPECIFIC PLANT GROUPS / TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN SPESIFIK .............................. 120 Zingiberaceae (wild gingers) / Zingiberaceae (jahe-jahean) ..................................................... 120 Rafflesiaceae / Rafflesiaceae .................................................................................................... 121 Amorphophallus .................................................................................................................... 122 Bamboos / Bambu-bambuan ................................................................................................... 123 Palms / Palem-paleman ............................................................................................................. 124 Orchids / Anggrek ................................................................................................................... 126 MAMMALS / MAMMALIA .............................................................................................. 130 Insectivores / Pemangsa serangga ........................................................................................... 131 Treeshrews / Tupai-tupaian ...................................................................................................... 132 Flying Lemurs / Kubung .......................................................................................................... 133 Bats / Kelelawar ....................................................................................................................... 133 Primates / Primata .................................................................................................................... 134 Pangolins / Trenggiling ............................................................................................................ 137 Rodents- Squirrels / Rodentia-Bajing ....................................................................................... 137 Rodents- Rats and Mice / Rodentia-Tikus dan Mencit ............................................................ 141 Rodents- Porcupines / Rodentia-Landak ................................................................................. 142 Carnivores- Bears / Karnivora-Beruang .................................................................................... 143 Carnivores- Martens, Weasels, Badgers, Otters / Karnivora-Musang, Berang-berang ........... 144 Carnivores- Civets & Mongooses / Karnivora-Musang-musangan dan Garangan .................. 146 Carnivores- Cats / Karnivora-Kucing-kucingan ........................................................................ 149 Odd-toed ungulates / Ungulata berteracak ganjil .................................................................... 151 Even-toed ungulates / Ungulata berteracak genap .................................................................. 151 Diet studies of some larger mammals / Studi Mengenai Pola Makan .................................... 153 Monitoring of mammal populations / Monitoring terhadap populasi mamalia ....................... 160 vi BIRDS / BURUNG ................................................................................................................ 166 Anhingidae - Darters / Anhingidae – Pecuk ular ................................................................... 168 Ardeidae – Herons / Ardeidae – Cangak ................................................................................. 168 Ciconiidae - Storks / Ciconiidae – Bangau .............................................................................. 168 Pandionidae - Osprey / Pandionidae – Elang Tiram ................................................................. 168 Accipitridae – Hawks and eagles / Accipitridae – Elang ......................................................... 168 Phasianidae – Pheasants / Phasianidae – Puyuh, Sempidan, Kuau ........................................... 169 Rallidae – Rails / Rallidae– Ayam-ayaman .............................................................................. 170 Scolopacidae – Snipes and allies / Scolopacidae– Trinil-trinilan .............................................. 170 Phalaropidae – Phalaropes / Phalaropidae– Kaki Rumbai ....................................................... 170 Columbidae – Pigeons / Columbidae – Merpati-merpatian ..................................................... 170 Psittacidae - Parrots / Psittacidae – Burung Paruh Bengkok ..................................................... 161 Cuculidae - Cuckoos / Cuculidae – Kangkok ........................................................................... 161 Tytonidae – Barn-owls / Tytonidae – Serak ............................................................................. 172 Strigidae - Owls / Strigidae – Burung Hantu ............................................................................. 172 Podargidae – Frogmouths / Podargidae – Paruh Kodok .........................................................