Development and delivery of technology for production, enhancement and aquaculture of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) in New South Wales M.P. Heasman, W. Liu, P.J. Goodsell, D.A. Hurwood and G.L. Allan NSW Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Centre Private Bag 1, Nelson Bay, NSW, 2315 Australia FRDC Project No. 2001/033 October 2007 NSW Department of Primary Industries – Fisheries Final Report Series No. 95 ISSN 1449-9967 Development and delivery of technology for production, enhancement and aquaculture of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) in New South Wales October 2007 Authors: M.P. Heasman, W. Liu, P.J. Goodsell, D.A. Hurwood and G.L. Allan Published By: NSW Department of Primary Industries (now incorporating NSW Fisheries) Postal Address: Cronulla Fisheries Research Centre of Excellence, PO Box 21, NSW, 2230 Internet: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au © NSW Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation This work is copyright. 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ISSN1449-9967 (Note: Prior to July 2004, this report series was published as the ‘NSW Fisheries Final Report Series’ with ISSN number 1440-3544) Table of Contents i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................I LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES & PLATES..................................................................................................................IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................................... VII NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY .............................................................................................................VIII 1. BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................ 12 2. NEED......................................................................................................................................... 15 3. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 17 4. RESEARCH AND RESULTS........................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Production and assessment of triploid H. rubra for farming and fisheries enhancement ......... 18 4.1.1. Evaluation of cytochalasin B (CB) treatments for triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach)....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.2. Optimisation of triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach), using 6- dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP)......................................................................................................... 37 4.1.3. Induction and evaluation of triploidy in the Australian blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra: A preliminary study .................................................................................................................................................... 52 4.1.4. Growth and feeding in juvenile triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach), at two temperatures......................................................................................................................................... 63 4.1.5. Growth and reproductive performance of triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach) ............................................................................................................................................................. 75 4.2. Evaluation of factors affecting post-release survival of hatchery reared juveniles................... 99 4.2.1. Evaluation of factors affecting post-release survival of hatchery reared juveniles: Moderate density100 4.2.2. Evaluation of factors affecting post-release survival of hatchery reared juveniles: Low density....... 132 4.3. Increasing indigenous capacity for abalone production ......................................................... 158 4.4. Development of a bio-economic model as an aid to cost-effective fisheries enhancement of New South Wales blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach) fishery............................................... 163 5. BENEFITS................................................................................................................................. 193 6. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................ 196 7. PLANNED OUTCOMES.............................................................................................................. 197 8. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 198 9. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 199 9.1. Intellectual property ................................................................................................................ 199 9.2. Staff.......................................................................................................................................... 199 9.3. Publications............................................................................................................................. 200 9.4. New technology for enhancing the abalone fishery in NSW, Australia (poster)...................... 201 9.5. Sea Urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) Hatchery Manual............................................................... 202 Abalone production, enhancement & aquaculture, Heasman et al. Project No.2001/33 ii Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES SECTION 4.1.1: Evaluation of cytochalasin B treatments for triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone Table 1. Rates of triploidy and survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae at different treatment combinations of CB dosage , starting time and treatment duration and results of Fisher’s LSD multiple range tests for triploidy and survival in experiment 1. ..............................................................31 Table 2. Three-way ANOVA table for triploidy in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 1. ................... 32 Table 3. Three-way ANOVA table for survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 1. .................... 32 Table 4. Rates of triploidy and survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae at different treatment combinations of CB dosage , starting time and treatment duration, and results of Fisher’s LSD multiple range tests for triploidy and survival in experiment 2.. .............................................................33 Table 5. Three-way ANOVA table for triploidy in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 2. ................... 34 Table 6. Three-way ANOVA table for survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 2. .................... 34 SECTION 4.1.2: Optimisation of triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach), using 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) Table 1. Rates of triploidy and survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae at different treatment combinations of 6-DMAP dosage, starting time and treatment duration, and results of Fisher’s LSD multiple range tests for triploidy and survival in experiment 1. ................................................46 Table 2. Three-way ANOVA table of triploidy in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 1. .................... 47 Table 3. Three-way ANOVA table of survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 1. ..................... 47 Table 4. Rates of triploidy and survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae at different treatment combinations of 6-DMAP dosage, starting time and treatment duration, and results of Fisher’s LSD multiple range tests for triploidy and survival in experiment 2. ................................................48 Table 5. Three-way ANOVA table of triploidy in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 2. .................... 49 Table 6. Three-way ANOVA table of survival in day 3 H. rubra larvae in experiment 2. ..................... 49 Table 7. Summary of optimal conditions for triploidy induction in H. rubra using 6-DMAP, targeting at inhibition of PB2 formation, with rates of triploidy and survival in day 3 larvae. .50 Table 8. A brief comparison of the effectiveness of 6-DMAP in inducing triploidy in molluscan shellfish important to aquaculture, targeting at inhibition of PB2 formation. ...........................51 SECTION 4.1.3: Induction and evaluation of triploidy in the Australian blacklip abalone, Haliotis