PARASITISM OF LYGUS SPP. EGGS BY THE MYMARID WASP ANAPHES OVIJENTATUS (CROSBY AND LEONARD). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors JACKSON, CHARLES GLENWOOD. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 08:15:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187035 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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EGGS BY THE MYMARID WASP ANAPHES OVIJENTATUS (CROSBY AND LEONARD) The University ofArizona PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms Internati 0 nal 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark_";_. 1. Glossy photographs or pages V" 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print __ 3. Photographs with dark background --L 4. Illustrations are poor copy __ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy __ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page __ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages __ B. Print exceeds margin requirements __ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine __ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print __ 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages __ 15. Other__________________________________ , ______________ __ University Microfilms International PARASITISM OF LYGUS SPP. EGGS BY THE MYMARID WASP ANAPHES OVIJENTATUS (CROSBY AND LEONARD) by Charles Glenwood Jackson A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ______C_h_a __ r_l_e_s __ G_l_e __ n_w_o_o_d __ J__ a_c_k_s_o_n __________ __ entitled PARASITISM OF LYGUS SPP. EGGS BY THE MYMARID WASP ANAPHES OVIJENTATUS (CROSBY AND LEONARD) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of -------------------------------------------------------DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Date 4r;-; I') I lC;cf~ Date 4~ 1:S; ('f'Z- Date 7 Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissert~ector Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission, provided that accurate· acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ~kvrMt: d. 01lH:,~ ~ . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Harry M. Graham for his guidance during the course of this work and his sugges­ tions on the manuscript, but especially for his under­ standing and patience. Appreciation is extended to Drs. Theo F. Watson, Roger T. Huber, E. Lamar Smith, and James O. Klemmedson for serving on my committee and for reviewing the dis­ sertation. I am also grateful to Dr. R. o. Kuehl for his suggestions regarding the analysis of the data and to Dr. George W. Ware for encouragement and help with adminis­ trative matters. Several others contributed in various ways, but most notable were Eugene Neemann and Hazel Ferris. I wish to express my love and gratitude to my wife Karen and to our children Kevin, Jennifer, and David for their support and for understanding the amount of time that had to be devoted to this effort. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES • • • • • vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ABSTRACT •.• x INTRODUCTION • • 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATERIALS AND ~~THODS 9 Laboratory Studies . 9 Comparative Parasitism of Various Hos ts ...•... • • 10 Effect of Egg Age on Successful Parasitism of Lygus hesperus . • • • • • • 12 Effect of Various Temperature Regimes on Development, Longevity, and Fecundity of ~. ovijentatus and Its Host Lygus hesperus . • • • . • • 14 Ovipositional Behavior of ~. ovijentatus and ~. hesperus on Plants • . • • • • • • • • 19 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus on Cotton and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus 25 Parasitism of ~ygus hesperus Eggs at Different Heights in Cotton Plants by Anaphes ovijentatus • • • • . • • • • • 26 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus on Cotton versus Alfalfa • . • • . • • . • 27 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus on Alfalfa versus London Rocket 28 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION • 30 Laboratory Studies . 30 Comparative Parasitism of Various Hosts Effect of Egg Age on Successful Parasitism of Lygus hesperus • • • • • 40 iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Effect of Various Temperature Regimes on Development, Longevity, and Fecundity of ~. ovijentatus and its Host ~. hesperus • . • . • • 50 Ovipositional Behavior of ~. ovijentatus and ~. hesperus on Plants .• . 62 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus on Cotton and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus • . • . • • . .• 62 Parasitism of Lygus hesperus Eggs at Different Heights in Cotton Plants by Anaphes ovijentatus • • . .. 67 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus on Cotton versus Alfalfa • . • .. 71 Oviposition by Lygus hesperus and Parasitism by Anaphes ovijentatus on Alfalfa versus London Rocket 75 CONCLUSIONS 82 REFERENCES . 85 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Parasitism of the eggs of four species of Lygus by Anaphes ovijentatus • . 32 2. ANOVA of the percentage of the eggs of four species of LY~US that hatched after exposure to Anaphes ov~jentatus* • • • • • . • • • . •. 33 3. ANOVA of th~ percentage of the eggs of four species Lygus that were parasitized after exposure to Anaphes ovijentatus* • . • • • 34 4. ANOVA of the percentage of the eggs of four species of Lygus that produced neither nymphs nor parasites after exposure to Anaphes ovijentatus ••••.••. 34 5. Results of 26 replications of simultaneous exposure of Lygus hesperus and Nabis spp. eggs in alfalfa stems to Anaphes ovijen- tatus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 6. A list of insect species parasitized by Anaphes ovijentatus .•••.•••• 41 7. A list of insect species offered to but not parasitized by Anaphes ovijentatus 42 8. Effect of the age of L~gus hesperus eggs on the success of parasit~sm by Anaphes ovijentatus at 25°C • . • . • • 43 9. ANOVA for the effect of the age of Lygus