DYNAMICS OF PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY AND KENYA’S FOREIGN POLICY; 1963 – 2014 ADAN KEYNAN WEHLIYE C50/CTY/PT/25616/2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SECURITY, DIPLOMACY AND PEACE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY) OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY FEBRUARY 2020 ii DECLARATION This research thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or for any other award. Signature …………………………………………. Date…………………………. Adan Keynan Wehliye - C50/CTY/PT/25616/2013 Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision as University supervisors. Signature …………………………………………. Date…………………………. Dr. Susan Waiyego Mwangi Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies Signature …………………………………………. Date…………………………. Dr. Felix Macharia Kiruthu Department of Public Policy and Administration iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family and people of Eldas constituency. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete a work of such a magnitude requires patience, morale and constant consistent guidance. This I received from several individuals, institutions and groups. I may not mention all of them here but some of these require special mention. To begin with I wish to sincerely acknowledge Kenyatta University administration for admitting me into the institution. In particular, I wish to acknowledge the librarians at the Post Modern Library who were always there to assist me access the resources that I required in both hard and soft copies. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Susan Mwangi and Dr. Felix Kiruthu. They provided the much-needed support in form of ideas and connections to people that I interviewed. They were also patient with me even when I seemed to pressure them. I remain forever grateful to them. To my professors in the Department of International Relations, thank you for motivating me to finish this work. I also wish to register my appreciation to my colleagues in Parliament who were more than willing to give me their perceptions regarding the topic of research. To former and current Members of Parliament and Senate thank you. Your story is in this thesis. My sincere thanks also go to the parliamentary research staff for availing relevant information that may not have been easily accessible. I cannot forget my two able research assistants for their invaluable assistance. My respondents will never be forgotten. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family and people of Eldas Constituency for providing me with unfailing support throughout my years of study. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................................... x OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Background to the Study ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 5 1.1.3. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 6 1.1.4. Research Questions ................................................................................................... 6 1.1.5. Research Premises ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1.6. Justification and Significance of the Study ............................................................... 7 1.1.7. Scope of the Study ................................................................................................... 10 1.1.8. Limitations of the Study .......................................................................................... 10 1.2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 11 1.2.1. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2. Summary of Literature Gap ..................................................................................... 16 1.2.3. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 17 vi 1.2.3.1. Realism ............................................................................................................. 17 1.2.3.2. The Two-Level Game Framework ................................................................... 19 1.3. Research Methodology ................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1. Research Design ...................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2. Site of the Study ...................................................................................................... 22 1.3.3. Target and Sample Population ................................................................................. 22 1.3.4. Sampling Technique and Sample Size .................................................................... 23 1.3.5. Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 24 1.3.5.1. Primary Data .................................................................................................... 24 1.3.5.2. Secondary Data ................................................................................................ 24 1.3.6. Data Collection Procedure ....................................................................................... 25 1.3.7. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 25 1.3.8. Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... 26 INFLUENCE OF KENYA’S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ON FOREIGN POLICY; 1963 -1978 ..................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.2. An Overview of Colonial Kenya’s Parliament; 1901-1963 ............................................ 26 2.2.1. The Colonial Period; 1920 – 1962 ........................................................................... 28 2.2.2. The Evolution and Working of Kenya’s Arms of Government .............................. 29 2.3. The Jomo Kenyatta Regime; 1963 – 1978 ...................................................................... 31 2.3.1. Parliament and Kenya’s Foreign Policy; 1963 – 1965 ............................................ 31 2.3.1.1 Neo-colonialism ................................................................................................... 32 vii 2.3.1.2 Constitutional Restriction .................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.3 Foreign Policy Adjustment .................................................................................. 39 2.3.2. Weakening Influence of Legislature and Abuse of Executive Powers; 1966 – 196 ........................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.2.1 Weakening the Influence of the Legislature ........................................................... 44 2.3.2.2 Abuse of Executive Powers ................................................................................. 47 2.3.3. Pragmatic Approach to Foreign Policy; 1970 – 1975 ............................................. 50 2.3.4. Succession Politics and Its Impacts on Parliamentary Diplomacy; 1976 – 1978 ....................................................................................................................... 51 2.4. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................