AN INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AN INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Edited by Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Selection and editorial matter, Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An introduction to community development/edited by Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Community development. 2. Economic development. I. Phillips, Rhonda. II. Pittman, Robert H. HN49.C6I554 2009 307.1’4—dc22 200802513 ISBN 0-203-88693-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13: 978-0-415-77384-3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-77385-0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-88693-9 (ebk) Contents List of figures xi List of tables xiii List of boxes xv List of contributors xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Editors’ introduction xxv PART I Foundations 1 1 A framework for community and economic development 3 Introduction 3 Community development 5 Economic development 7 The relationship between community and economic development 10 Who practices community and economic development? 15 RHONDA PHILLIPS AND ROBERT H. PITTMAN 2 Seven theories for seven community developers 20 Introduction: why theory? 20 Seven key concerns in the community development field 21 RONALD J. HUSTEDDE 3 Asset-based community development 38 Introduction 38 Definitions of community development 38 Needs-based community development 39 Asset-based community development 39 Challenges of the community development process 46 ANNA HAINES vi CONTENTS 4 Social capital and community building 49 Introduction 49 Social capital: what is it? 49 Community social capacity: what is it? 50 How does community social capacity influence development? 51 Intentional action to increase social capacity 51 Factors that influence the success of community-building efforts 52 PAUL W. MATTESSICH 5 Community development practice 58 Introduction 58 First step: define the community 58 Practicing community development 59 Community development principles of practice 60 The community development process 62 How does community development practice relate to economic development? 66 What do community developers do? 67 Professional standards of ethical practice 69 Getting started 70 JOHN W. (JACK) VINCENT II PART II Preparation and planning 75 6 Community visioning and strategic planning 77 Introduction 77 Process principles 77 Phase one: initiation 79 Phase two: the stakeholder process 89 DEREK OKUBO 7 Establishing community-based organizations 104 Introduction 104 Fundamentals of forming a community-based organization 104 Partner and grant organizations for local community development 106 Types of community-based organizations 108 Networks 110 Public–private partnerships 111 Regional initiatives 113 Foundations 114 Faith-based community organizations 115 MONIECA WEST CONTENTS vii 8 Developing community leadership skills 119 Introduction 119 What does it mean to be a leader? 120 Community leadership 122 Identifying leaders 124 Leadership in community and economic development 128 DAVID R. KOLZOW 9 Community development assessments 133 Introduction 133 Why conduct an assessment? 133 Quantitative and qualitative data 135 Community assessment topics 139 SWOT analysis 149 The assessment report 150 JOHN W. (JACK) VINCENT II 10 Community asset mapping and surveys 155 Introduction 155 Asset mobilization 156 Methods for mapping assets 156 When is a survey appropriate? 157 Mapping capacities 161 GARY P. GREEN 11 Assessing your local economy: industry composition and economic impact analysis 166 Introduction 166 Industry composition: learning about the local/regional economy 167 An introduction to economic impact analysis 172 WILLIAM HEARN AND TOM TANNER PART III Programming techniques and strategies 181 12 Workforce training for the twenty-first century 183 Introduction 183 Primary and secondary education 184 Postsecondary education 184 Developing a demand-driven workforce development system 187 Federal resources 189 State and local resources 190 viii CONTENTS Labor market intermediaries 192 MONIECA WEST 13 Marketing the community 197 Introduction 197 Marketing definitions 197 Components of marketing 198 The marketing plan 205 The regional approach to marketing 205 ROBERT H. PITTMAN 14 Retaining and expanding existing businesses in the community 210 Introduction 210 What does business retention and expansion encompass? 212 Benefits and advantages of BRE 214 BRE is a team effort 216 How successful are BRE programs? 216 ROBERT H. PITTMAN AND RICHARD T. ROBERTS 15 Entrepreneurship as a community development strategy 220 Introduction 220 Who is an entrepreneur anyway? 221 What are the needs of entrepreneurs? 223 How can your community become “entrepreneur-friendly”? 228 Minority entrepreneurship 231 What is the next step for your community? 232 JOHN GRUIDL AND DEBORAH M. MARKLEY 16 Tourism-based development 236 Introduction 236 A review of tourism planning models 237 Types of tourism planning models 238 Getting from here to there: selecting approaches 242 DEEPAK CHHABRA AND RHONDA PHILLIPS 17 Housing and community planning 249 Introduction 249 The current state of housing 249 Housing adequacy 252 The role of government in housing 253 The role of nonprofits in housing 254 CONTENTS ix Housing affordability 255 Housing assistance programs 256 Housing needs assessment 260 JOSELI MACEDO 18 Neighborhood planning for community development and renewal 266 Introduction 266 Types of neighborhood plans 271 The global movement toward participatory neighborhood planning 276 KENNETH M. REARDON 19 Measuring progress: community indicators, best practices, and benchmarking 284 Introduction 284 Community indicators 285 Best practices and benchmarking 286 RHONDA PHILLIPS AND ROBERT H. PITTMAN PART IV Issues impacting community development 297 20 Community development finance 299 Introduction 299 Overview of basic community development finance vocabulary 299 Doing a deal: who are the players in community development finance? 300 Doing a deal: finding sources of money 301 JANET R. HAMER AND JESSICA LE VEEN FARR 21 Securing grants for community development projects 313 Introduction 313 Tracking other federal funding 313 Tracking foundation and corporate funding 314 Hitting the target 314 Preparing grant proposals 315 Nonprofits, accountability, and sustainability 319 BEVERLY A. BROWNING 22 The global economy and community development 324 Introduction 324 Why should people care about globalization? 325 International trade 325 Foreign direct investment 327 x CONTENTS The great global job shift and outsourcing 328 International corporate activity 330 Offshore manufacturing 331 Community and economic development strategies in the global economy 331 DAVID R. KOLZOW AND ROBERT H. PITTMAN 23 Sustainability in community development 339 History of the sustainability concept 339 Sustainability definitions and themes 341 Action areas 342 Process and participation 348 STEPHEN M. WHEELER 24 Conclusions and observations on the future of community development 352 Introduction 352 Future challenges 353 The ongoing evolution of community development 354 RHONDA PHILLIPS AND ROBERT H. PITTMAN Index 355 Figures 1.1 Community development chain 7 1.2 Economic development activities performed by SEDC members 10 1.3 Community and economic development chain 14 3.1 Community needs map 40 3.2 Community assets map 40 3.3 A community development process 43 8.1 Georgia and 28-county Atlanta Metro region 129 8.2 The Phoenix has risen over Atlanta 130 11.1 Sample regional cluster 173 11.2 A visual guide to your economy 175 13.1 An economic development advertisement 202 13.2 An economic development marketing postcard 204 14.1 Economic development activities performed by SEDC members 212 16.1 Tourism system model 239 Tables 2.1 Concerns and related theories 22 7.1 Some federal programs for community development 107 7.2 Public–private partnerships 112 7.3 Charitable foundations 115 7.4 Faith-based organizations 115 9.1 Subjective rating of location factors for Anytown 149 9.2 Factor rating: Bayshore County – summary strengths and weaknessess matrix 153 11.1 Sample regional industry composition assessment 170 11.2 Three-digit NAICS industries for local concentrated industries 171 11.3 Sample aerospace cluster definition 173 17.1 Composition of the housing stock by type – 2005 250 17.2 Demographic characteristics of households and families in the