December 2017 December and Human Rights in Somalia in Rights Human and Building the Foundation for Peace, Security Security Peace, for Foundation the Building PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS: OF PROTECTION Mogadishu, 14 October 2017 14October Mogadishu, Muqdisho, 14 Oktoobar 2017 14 Oktoobar Muqdisho, BADBAADINTA DADKA RAYIDK AH: Dhisidda Aasaaska Nabadda, Amniga iyo Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Soomaaliya Diseembar 2017 PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS: Building the Foundation for Peace, Security and Human Rights in Somalia December 2017 BUILDING THE FOUNDATION FOR PEACE, SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOMALIA i : Mandate This report was prepared by the Human Rights and Protection Group (HRPG) of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) and covers the period from 1 January 2016 to 14 October 2017. The UNSOM HRPG prepared this report pursuant to UNSOM’s mandate under United Nations Security Council Resolution 2158 (2014), which requires UNSOM “to monitor, help investigate and report to the Council on, and help prevent any abuses or violations of human rights or violations of international humanitarian law committed in Somalia.” United Nations Security Council Resolution 2358 (2017) emphasises the importance of “respect for international humanitarian law and the protection of civilians, especially women and children, by all parties to the conflict.” UNSOM HRPG implements activities designed to minimize the impact of the armed conflict on civilians, including monitoring and reporting incidents involving loss of life or injury to civilians; advocacy and capacity-building to strengthen the protection of civilians affected by the armed conflict; initiatives to promote compliance among all parties to the conflict with international humanitarian and human rights law; and technical assistance to the Government to enable Somalia to fulfil its human rights obligations. This report is jointly published by UNSOM and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). ii PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS Map of Somalia Caluula GULF O F A D E N Breeda DJIBOUTI Gees Asayita Bandar Murcaayo Djibouti Boosaaso Gwardafuy Saylac Raas (Bender Cassim) Butyaalo Dikhil Surud Bargaal Raas Maskan Qandala ceel Raas Ja Raas Binna Silil Khansiir Xiis Maydh Laasqoray Karin D aho a D t r Hurdiyo ro Raas AWDAL Bullaxaar Berbera Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) B ARA R I Xaafuun Xaafuun Baki S A NAA G Iskushuban Boorama Ka WOQOOYI rkaar Mountains D Burco Dire Dawa GALBEED e Togwajaale r (Burao) Garadag Qardho Bandarbeyla Dudo Nazret Hargeysa Harer Jijiga Oodweyne Xudun Kiridh Taxeex TOGDHEER S O O L E yl Garoowe Buuhoodle Laascaanood Degeh Bur NUNUGGAAAAL Raas Gori Rit Gabbac Eyl Berdaale Xamure ETHIOPIA Werder Beyra Seemade (Galcaio) Garacad Megalo K'ebri Dahar Gaalkacyo Imi MUDUG War Galoh Gode Shilabo Baxdo Mirsaale Hilalaya Mereer-Gur Dhuusamarreeb Hargele (Dusa Marreb) GALGUDUUD Hobyo Ferfer Ceel Huur Ceel Buur W Beledweyne Xarardheere e b BAKOOL i Derri Dolo Bay Xuddur HIRS AAN h I N DIAN O CEAN a (Oddur) b Buulobarde e Ceeldheere Luuq Tayeeglow e l l e Garbahaarrey Baydhabo KENYA (Baidoa) SHABELLE GEDO Mahadday DHEXE Buurhakaba Weym El Beru Hagia Wanlaweyn Cadale Diinsoor BAY Jawhar (Giohar) Baardheere Balcad W Afgooye e b i Muqdisho (Mogadishu) Qoryooley J Wajir u BANADIR SOMALIA b JUBA b SHABELLE a Marka (Merca) National capital DDHEXHEXE HOOSE Haaway Regional capital Baraawe Town, village Bu'aale Afmadow Airport Jilib International boundary Bilis Qooqaani Regional boundary Jamaame JUBA Undetermined boundary SOMALIA Main road HOOSE Kismaayo (Chisimayu) Track Isole Railroad Giuba 0 50 100 150 200 km Buur Gaabo Raas 0 50 100 mi Kaambooni The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map - do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. - Garsen Lamu Map No. 3690 Rev. 10 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support December 2011 Cartographic Section BUILDING THE FOUNDATION FOR PEACE, SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOMALIA iii : Contents Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................vi Methodology .................................................................................................................................viii I. Findings .................................................................................................................................. 1 A. Overview of Violations and Abuses .................................................................................... 1 B. Human Rights Violations Attributed to State Actors or Affiliated Groups ............................ 2 1. National and International Security Forces ......................................................................... 2 2. Somali National Army ........................................................................................................... 2 3. Somali Police......................................................................................................................... 3 4. Intelligence and Security Agencies ....................................................................................... 5 5. African Union Mission in Somalia ......................................................................................... 6 6. Militia and Armed Groups Affiliated with National and International Security Forces ....... 10 C. Airstrikes by International Forces ..................................................................................... 10 D. Human Rights Violations and Abuses Attributed to Armed Groups ................................... 11 1. Al Shabaab .......................................................................................................................... 11 2. Other Armed Groups .......................................................................................................... 12 E. Types of Attacks and Violations and Abuses Attributed to Armed Groups ........................ 14 1. Other Methods of Attack .................................................................................................... 16 2. Conflict-Related Abduction of Civilians ............................................................................... 17 3. Amnesties ........................................................................................................................... 17 II. Sexual Violence and Violations Affecting Children in the Conflict-Affected Areas of Somalia .................................................................................................................. 19 A. Sexual Violence ............................................................................................................... 19 B. Children and Armed Conflict ........................................................................................... 20 III. Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 24 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 27 iv PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS Acronyms AMISOM: The African Union Mission in Somalia ASWJ: Ahlu Sunna Waljama’a CCTARC: Civilian Casualty Tracking, Analysis and Response Cell CRSV: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence ENDF: Ethiopian National Defence Forces FGS: Federal Government of Somalia FMS: Federal Member State HRDDP: Human Rights Due Diligence Policy HRPG: Human Rights Protection Group IED: Improvised explosive device IGAD: Inter-Governmental Authority on Development ISAG: Islamic State Affiliated Group JISA: Jubbaland Intelligence and Security Agency KDF: Kenyan Defence Forces MRM: Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism NISA: National Intelligence and Security Agency OHCHR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PCC: Police Contributing Countries PIS: Puntland Intelligence Services PSF: Puntland Security Forces SGBV: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence SNA: Somali National Army SEMG: Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group SP: Somali Police SPF: Somali Police Force TCC: Troop Contributing Country UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNMAS: United Nations Mine Action Service UNSOM: United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia UNSOS: United Nations Support Office in Somalia VBIED: Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device BUILDING THE FOUNDATION FOR PEACE, SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOMALIA v : Executive Summary This report focuses on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law committed in the context of Somalia’s long-standing armed conflict. The findings and analysis in the report are a first attempt by UNSOM to quantify civilian casualties (civilians killed and injured in the context of the armed conflict) and assess the toll of the conflict on civilians between 1 January 2016 and 14 October 2017. During this period, attacks by state and non-state actors inflicted high numbers of civilian deaths and injuries, caused damage to public and private infrastructure, loss of livestock, and impeded access to humanitarian relief for communities in need. The report is intended to serve as a baseline upon which further analyses of the impact of the conflict on civilians can be documented and contains recommendations to reduce and prevent civilian casualties, which can be monitored for implementation.