A Window on Wigan’s History A BETA Research Book BETA presents A Window on Wigan’s History Researched and written by BBEETTAA BBaassiicc EEdduuccaattiioonn && TTrraaiinniinngg ffoorr AAdduullttss Registered Charity No. 1070662 2 Research from Visits to: Wigan Town Centre and Wigan Town Hall, Wigan Parish Church and the Bluecoat School Wigan History Shop and Wigan Library, York, Yorvik Viking Centre, Roman Bathhouse museum York Minster, Richard III museum Chester and Chester Roman Soldier tour Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey Tower of London and Buckingham Palace Oxford Lancaster Castle and Lancaster Priory Knowsley Hall and St. Francis Xavier Church ‘Held in Trust’ Exhibition, Liverpool Manchester Museum of Science and Industry and Manchester Cathedral, Manchester Town Hall and History Walk Liverpool Museum and Walker Art Gallery Liverpool Museum of Slavery and Liverpool Maritime Museum Speke Hall and Tatton Hall Archaeological digs – Roman, Viking and Medieval Roman Re-enactment and Chester Roman Soldier Walk Viking Re-enactment atTatton Hall Norman invasion Re-enactment day Sealed Knot Re-enactment battles at Nantwich and Gawthorpe Hall Visit of some students, staff and volunteers to Rome and Pompeii History Books: The Making of Wigan – Mike Fletcher Wigan History & Guide – John Hannavy Potted Guide to Wigan’s History/Window on Wigan – Geoffrey Shryhane Women in Anglo Saxon England and after 1066 – Christine Fell History of Wigan – David Sinclair (published 1882) The Registers of Wigan Parish Church A History of the County of Lancaster Haigh Hall and the Bradshaigh family – Peter Riley The Legend of Mab’s Cross – Fred Holcroft The House of Stanley – Peter Draper The English Civil War around Wigan and Leigh by Fred Holcroft Wigan Parish Church magazine and articles by Enid Bannister The Wigan Borough Charters and Regalia – Wigan Heritage Wigan - A Historical Souvenir by Bob Blakeman The Story of Chester by James Williams Internet history research sites: Wigan Archeological Society BBC History BBC Lancashire Wigan Parish Church British History Online History Learning Site Cotton Times Feet of Fines for Lancashire Wars of the Roses Lancaster Castle Online Early British Kingdoms – David Nash Ford Standish History Le Norreys Family Geneology Rootsweb Medieval Sourcebook – Fordham Education Recusants’ Handbook – J. A Hilton 'Townships: Wigan', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4 (1911), The Gunpowder Plot Society Visit Chester.com Knowsley Council 3 Contents Research from.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Prehistoric Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Romans in Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7, 8, 9 King Arthur and Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Anglo Saxons and Vikings in Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. 15, 16,17 The Beginning of Lancashire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 The Norman Conquest and Roger de Poitou. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21, 22 Henry I and Matilda and Stephen.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23, 24 The beginning of Haigh Hall and First Rector of Wigan.. .. .. .. .. 27, 28 The Magna Carta .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 John Maunsell and Wigan’s 1246 Charter .. .. .. .. .. .. 30, 31 First Duke of Lancaster . and The First Wigan Police. .. .. .. .. 32, 33 The Rector is summoned and Wigan’s Medieval Well .. .. .. .. 34, 35 Wigan’s First Parliamentary Representatives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 Early Wigan Industry and the 1314 Wigan Charter .. .. .. .. 37,38 The Legend of Mab’s Cross .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41, 42 Visit of King Edward II to Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 The Rector of Wigan in court .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 Rebellion agains King Edward II and Eighth Rector of Wigan. .. .. .. 45, 46 The Black Death .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Ninth Rector of Wigan and Confirmation of Wigan’s Charters.. .. .. .. 48, 49 Duke of Lancaster .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Thirteenth Rector of Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 The Peasants’ Revolt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 The First Lancastrian King and Henry VI .. .. .. .. .. 53, 54 The Wars of the Roses and The Battle of Bosworth Field .. .. .. .. .. 55, 56 Dr. Thomas Linacre .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 The Reformation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 Wigan Craftsmen Rebel Against Foreign Traders .. .. .. .. .. 59 The Pilgrimage of Grace .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Rectors of Wigan .. .. ... .. 61, 62 George Marsh Protestant Martyr .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 The Elizabethan Age .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 Witches in Wigan? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 Escape from the Tower of London .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Shakespeare and the Earl of Derby .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 Wigan Grammar School .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 The Gunpowder Plot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 Rector John Bridgeman .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 Myles Standish and Edward Bradshaigh .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 Edmund Arrowsmith .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 Sir Roger Bradshaigh and Wigan’s M.P.’s .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 The Civil War and Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 A Parliamentarian Spy in Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 Charles I acknowledges Wigan’s Loyalty .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 The Siege of Lathom House .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83, 84 Wigan Devastated by the Civil War .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 The Battle of Wigan Lane .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86, 87 Wigan Moot Hall .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 Gerrard Winstanley .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 Charles II Charter for Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. 92, 93 Thirty-seventh Rector of Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 James II Charter .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 St. John’s RC Church .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 The Jacobites and the Standish Plot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 King William III and Queen Anne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 The First Jacobite Rebellion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Wigan Town Hall and Douglas Navigation Bill 1720 .. .. .. .. .. 102 Wigan’s Growing Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103, 104, 105 Bonnie Prince Charlie in Wigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 The Bluecoat School .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 The 1779 Cotton Riot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 The Last Bradshaighs .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 Wigan Ironworks and Robert Daglish .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112, 113 1806 Manchester Anti-Slavery Petition .. .. .. .. .. 114 Social Unrest,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 117, 118 The Peterloo Massacre .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119, 120, 121, 122 Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 4 PREHISTORIC WIGAN Little is know of Wigan in prehistoric times, but several items have been found in different parts of Wigan Borough. Two polished stone axe heads found at Leigh cricket ground and Boar’s Head Railway Station; a bronze age battle axe found in Walkden Avenue Swinley, Wigan; a flint spear head found in New Springs, Wigan and a flint scraper found in Winstanley. A large prehistoric ditch has been unearthed by Manchester University archeologists at Gadbury Fold, Atherton. In the bottom of the ditch was a large prehistoric flint scraper. These items are stored at Wigan History Shop. Before the Roman invasion, Wigan was in the province known as Brigantes and occupied by the Britanni Celtic tribes. Celtic place names still exist today, Bryn meaning hill, Makerfield and Ince meaning water meadow or island. The Britanni did not build towns or cultivate the land, but lived by hunting and gathering the fruit of the trees. Wigan was an area of forest and marshland and the wild animals would have been bears, wolves, wild boars and beavers. The dark area shows the Brigantes province and looks almost the same as Lancashire today. 5 RROOMMAANNSS IINN WWIIGGAANN -- CCoocccciiuumm Roman Remains Found in Wigan In 2005, during the excavations for the foundations of The Grand Arcade, Millgate, Wigan, extensive Roman remains were found. Oxford Archeology North uncovered a huge 2nd century colonnaded building which was thought to be a Mansio (a Roman hotel). This contained a hypocaust (Roman central heating system) and a bath house. Nearby they found hearths where lead was processed and 2000 pieces of Roman pottery and 1½ tons of Roman building material. In 1982 the remains of several Roman buildings were found in the Wiend. These buildings date from the first century A.D. The Wigan Children’s Library has since been built on this site. In 2007 further Roman remains have been found behind the children’s library in the Wiend. Other Roman ‘artefacts’ have been found in Wigan, ‘pagan idols’ were found under the parish church in 155l and part of an altar to the Roman god Mithras is now built into a wall of the church tower. It was traditional for Christian churches to be built on the site of pagan temples. Roman coins were found in the Market Place in 1837 and in 1850 a very rare gold coin of the emperor Vitellius (who only reigned for a few months in AD69) was found in Mesnes Park. In 1822 Roman Cremation urns were discovered during the building of the gas works in Chapel Lane and archaeologists believe this to be the site of a Roman cemetery. Coccium The Romans first visited Britain peacefully in 43 BC, but in AD 43 Emperor Claudius invaded Britain. In about AD70 the Romans arrived in the North West and decided to erect a fort near a river. They called the settlement Coccium. This name is mentioned by Antonius, in his book of the second century AD, as being 17 Roman miles from Manchester. It was an important military station. Wigan was chosen for the site of a Roman fort because it had hills and the River Douglas, which would have been wider than it is now. Other reasons for choosing Wigan were the natural resources such as cannel coal and iron ore. The Romans were the first to mine coal in Wigan. Wigan was also important