A CONFUCIAN ECUMENE: THE ROLE OF CONFUCIANISM AS A GOVERNING IDEOLOGY IN JAPANESE FORMOSA FROM 1895 TO 1937 By ROBERT ANDREW MACAUSLAN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Sociology DECEMBER 2010 © Copyright by ROBERT ANDREW MACAUSLAN, 2010 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © Copyright by ROBERT ANDREW MACAUSLAN, 2010 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of ROBERT ANDREW MACAUSLAN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. __________________________________ Gregory Hooks, Ph.D., Chair __________________________________ Lydia Gerber, Ph.D. __________________________________ Daniel Jaffee, Ph.D. __________________________________ Christopher Lupke, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the direct assistance of many people. I would first and foremost like to express my appreciation for the assistance, guidance and direction of Dr. Greg Hooks, my dissertation chair. His support and criticism have been indispensible throughout my graduate career. I would like to further express my appreciation for committee members Dr. Lydia Gerber, Dr. Dan Jaffee, and Dr. Chris Lupke. Dr. Gerber served as an important historical check on my research, and has inspired me to continue my research in East Asian colonialism. Dr. Jaffee provided me with invaluable advice on my dissertation structure and my research pertaining to political economy. Dr. Lupke is directly responsible for the research conducted abroad for this dissertation. It was his encouragement that led me to conduct research at Academia Sinica in Taiwan, and it was his contacts at the Institute of Sociology who guided my research during my time there. I would like to express my thanks to the Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica. Without access to their library and resources this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to express my gratitude specifically to Dr. Horng-luen Wang and Dr. A-Chin Hsiau who served as my guides during my time in Taiwan. I would further like to thank Dr. Lungchih Chang in the Institute of Taiwan Studies at Academia Sinica, Dr. William Steele and Dr. Robert Eskildsen from the International Christian University in Tokyo, Japan, and Dr. Kawashima Shin at Tokyo University. All of whom contributed to my research and shaped this dissertation with their insight. This dissertation also owes much of its structure, particularly the sections on Confucianism to Dr. Anna Sun of Kenyon College whose work on the Confucian ideology iii advised much of this dissertation. She and Dr. Cai Yong of the University of North Carolina served as valuable sounding boards in the early phase of my research. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Xu YongChao for her support and patience throughout my graduate career. There is suitable means for me to express how grateful I am to have her by my side. Thank you all for your assistance in my graduate career. You are the reasons why this dissertation has been possible. iv A CONFUCIAN ECUMENE: THE ROLE OF CONFUCIANISM AS A GOVERNING IDEOLOGY IN JAPANESE FORMOSA FROM 1895 TO 1937 Abstract by Robert Andrew MacAuslan, Ph.D. Washington State University December 2010 Chair: Gregory Hooks Economic imperialism remains the dominant paradigm in Political Economy when examining modern empires. The Core-Periphery relationships of World Systems Theory based around exploitation of labor and resources, or capitalist cycles of accumulation is a powerful theoretical tool, and a useful lens through which to view European colonialism. However, the expansion of the Japanese empire into Taiwan did not follow the same pattern of development and exploitation as its European counterparts, and had dramatically different outcomes for the former colonized state. This project compares standard economic analysis of Japanese colonialism with a modified version of Michael Mann‘s model of social power allowing for ideological drivers of expansion that incorporates the work of John K Fairbank on the Chinese World Order. Specifically attempting to identify the role of Confucianism as a governing ideology in Japanese imperial expansion from 1895 (the treaty of Shimonoseki) to 1937 (the beginning of Japanese militarism). v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv PROLOGUE… ................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..............................................................................................................2 Dissertation Research Design .....................................................................................................11 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................12 Dissertation Structure .................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2: Michael Mann and the Networks of Social Power .................................................15 Types of Power ...........................................................................................................................16 The Networks of Power ..............................................................................................................16 Economic Power .....................................................................................................................17 Military Power ........................................................................................................................19 Political Power........................................................................................................................21 Ideological Power ...................................................................................................................28 The Confucian World Order ...................................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3: Economic Imperialism ............................................................................................50 World Systems Theory ...............................................................................................................54 Was Japanese Expansion Economic Imperialism? ....................................................................57 Mann on Imperialism .................................................................................................................60 Japanization of Formosa .............................................................................................................62 The Comparative Questions .......................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 4: The Analysis ...........................................................................................................70 What is Confucianism? ..............................................................................................................70 The Confucian Social Contract ..................................................................................................73 Confucianism and Japan .............................................................................................................76 Confucian Taiwan ......................................................................................................................92 Infrastructural Investment ..........................................................................................................95 vi Colonial Government Composition .........................................................................................101 View of Colony by Colonial Power .........................................................................................107 Military Presence ......................................................................................................................110 Treatment of Aboriginal Population ........................................................................................114 Rights of Colonial Population ..................................................................................................118 Discussion ................................................................................................................................123 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion ............................................................................................................126 Why Does This Matter? ...........................................................................................................128 Recommendations for Future Research ...................................................................................130 APPENDIX A: Description of Provisional Steps Towards Formosan Self-Governance ............132 APPENDIX B: Governors-general of Taiwan .............................................................................136 APPENDIX C: Percentage of Government Budget Spent on Education ....................................137 APPENDIX D: Per Capita Educational