Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Higher education desegregation: an analysis of state efforts in systems formerly operating segregated systems of higher education Edwin H. Litolff, III Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Litolff, III, Edwin H., "Higher education desegregation: an analysis of state efforts in systems formerly operating segregated systems of higher education" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3134. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3134 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. HIGHER EDUCATION DESEGREGATION: AN ANALYSIS OF STATE EFFORTS IN SYSTEMS FORMERLY OPERATING SEGREGATED SYSTEMS OF HIGHER EDUCATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Educational Theory, Policy, and Practice by Edwin H. Litolff, III B.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, 1991 M.B.A, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, 1992 August, 2007 Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Higher Education Desegregation ..........................................................................2 Plessy v. Ferguson.....................................................................................5 Brown v. Board of Education and Other Desegregation Cases 1954.........8 Civil Rights Act .........................................................................................11 Adams v. Richardson ...............................................................................13 California v. Bakke ...................................................................................17 United States v. Fordice...........................................................................19 Hopwood v. State of Texas ......................................................................20 Gratz v. Bollinger......................................................................................22 Grutter v. Bollinger ...................................................................................23 Beyond Gratz and Grutter ........................................................................25 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................27 Research Questions ...........................................................................................28 Chapter Summary...............................................................................................28 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Research.......................................30 Desegregation.....................................................................................................30 Segregation..............................................................................................30 Implications of Desegregation..................................................................32 Desegregation in Higher Education..........................................................33 Rationale for Desegregation ...............................................................................34 Access .....................................................................................................35 Educational Benefits of Diversity..............................................................38 Social Justice ...........................................................................................42 Equity .......................................................................................................43 Strategies to Achieve Desegregation..................................................................46 Historically Black Colleges and Universities.............................................47 Affirmative Action .....................................................................................50 Percentage Plans.....................................................................................53 Current Status of Desegregation Efforts .............................................................55 State Desegregation Status ................................................................................56 Louisiana..................................................................................................56 Mississippi................................................................................................57 Tennessee ...............................................................................................57 South Carolina .........................................................................................58 Kentucky ..................................................................................................58 Chapter Summary...............................................................................................59 Chapter 3 Methodology and Procedures ............................................................60 Research Design ................................................................................................60 Data Collection....................................................................................................61 Data Analysis......................................................................................................63 Research Question 1 ..........................................................................................68 ii Research Question 2 ..........................................................................................69 Research Question 3 ..........................................................................................69 Sample Segregation Index..................................................................................70 Limitations...........................................................................................................72 Chapter Summary...............................................................................................72 Chapter 4 Results ...............................................................................................73 Research Question 1 ..........................................................................................73 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................73 Assumptions of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance ......................77 Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance ...............................................79 Pooled Cross Sectional Time Series Analysis..........................................80 Summary..................................................................................................83 Research Question 2 ..........................................................................................84 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................85 Significance Test......................................................................................86 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................88 Significance Test......................................................................................88 Research Question 3 ..........................................................................................96 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................97 Assumptions of Split Plot Analysis of Variance ......................................100 Split Plot Analysis of Variance................................................................101 Chapter 5 Discussion........................................................................................104 Research Question 1 ........................................................................................105 Research Question 2 ........................................................................................109 Research Question 3 ........................................................................................109 Implications for Policy .......................................................................................110 Federal Versus State Policy..............................................................................117 Change at State Level or Institution Level..............................................118 Percentage Plans...................................................................................118 Implications for Future Research ......................................................................121 Conclusion ........................................................................................................124 References .......................................................................................................127 V ita....................................................................................................................134