Running head: AUTOMATING THE BYZANTINE TYPIKON 1 Master Thesis: Automating the Byzantine Typikon. Student Name: Matthew Smith Course Name: Master of Science (Orthodox Studies) Course Number: N/A Instructor’s Name: The Right Rev. Mitred Archimandrite Dr. ANDREW (Vujisic) Date: 28 November 2011 AUTOMATING THE BYZANTINE TYPIKON 2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 Rationale ............................................................................................................................... 5 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 6 Definition of the Typikon. ................................................................................................ 6 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................. 7 Seven times a day, I praise you. ....................................................................................... 7 Following the Typikon is not optional. ............................................................................ 8 Expert System – a solution to varying rules. .................................................................. 10 Thesis Statement ................................................................................................................. 11 Background and Literature Review ..................................................................................... 12 Automation. .................................................................................................................... 12 Typika. ............................................................................................................................ 13 Expert systems. ............................................................................................................... 14 Definition of Relevant Terms and Concepts ....................................................................... 15 Aims and Delimitation of the Study .................................................................................... 16 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 17 Researcher's Background and Interests ............................................................................... 18 Chapter Outline and Dissemination of Research ................................................................ 18 Chapter 1: Introduction. .................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 2: Sources of Information. ................................................................................ 18 Chapter 3: Complexities arising from the Typikon. ....................................................... 19 Chapter 4: Databases, Facts, and Rules. ......................................................................... 20 Chapter 5: Presentation of the Ordo and other End Products. ........................................ 20 Chapter 2: Sources of Information ........................................................................................... 22 Types of Feasts within the Byzantine Liturgy .................................................................... 22 Calendar systems ................................................................................................................. 23 Julian calendar. ............................................................................................................... 23 Gregorian calendar. ........................................................................................................ 23 Orthodox calendar. ......................................................................................................... 24 Easter ................................................................................................................................... 24 The Calculation of the date of Easter. ............................................................................ 24 Automating the calculation of the data of Easter. .......................................................... 26 Fasting Regulations ............................................................................................................. 26 Traditional Fasting Rules for the Patriarchate of Antioch. ............................................. 27 Fasting Regulations for the Patriarchate of Antioch. ................................................. 27 Byzantine Liturgical Books ................................................................................................. 29 The Collection and collation of rubrics. ......................................................................... 31 Rubrics not present in all editions. ................................................................................. 33 Cycles in Byzantine Liturgy ................................................................................................ 34 Issues of Language and Grammar ....................................................................................... 35 AUTOMATING THE BYZANTINE TYPIKON 3 Language affects how text is stored in the database. ...................................................... 36 Automating the Generation of the Readings from Scripture ............................................... 38 Standardising the references. .......................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3: Complexities arising from the Typikon ................................................................. 40 The Categories of Fixed and Movable Feasts are Incomplete ............................................ 40 Name of the Day or Feast .................................................................................................... 41 Simple days. ................................................................................................................... 41 Sunday of the Canaanite woman. ................................................................................... 43 Concurrence brings complexities. .................................................................................. 43 Epistle and Gospel Readings ............................................................................................... 45 Epistle reading when major feast falls on a Sunday. ...................................................... 45 Gospel reading when major feast falls on a Sunday. ...................................................... 45 Multiple Cases of Concurrency ........................................................................................... 45 Chapter 4: Databases, Facts, and Rules ................................................................................... 47 Data and Databases ............................................................................................................. 47 Choice of database type. ................................................................................................. 47 Data tables – what information is required. .................................................................... 48 Storing and using date data. ............................................................................................ 52 Rules of the Road required for Navigation ......................................................................... 53 Method of applying the rules. ......................................................................................... 53 Functions in an Expert System. ...................................................................................... 54 First-pass rules. ............................................................................................................... 55 Second-pass and later rules. ........................................................................................... 55 Tools of Choice for Automation ......................................................................................... 57 Storing data and rules. .................................................................................................... 57 Scripting language. ......................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 5: Presentation of the Ordo and other End Products .................................................. 60 Standards Lacking or Immature .......................................................................................... 60 Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) ............................................................................................ 60 Standard for Feasts and Liturgical Days ............................................................................. 61 The iCalendar and similar standards. ............................................................................. 62 Liturgical Data Standard ..................................................................................................... 65 Automation Output No. 1: Daily Typikon .......................................................................... 66 Automation Output No. 2: Calendar ................................................................................... 68 Automation Output No. 3: Liturgical Texts ........................................................................ 68 Standard