j o u r n a l o f Vol. 15/2018 TROPICAL BIOLOGY & C O N S E R V A T I O N ISSN 1823-3902 E-ISSN 2550-1909 A JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH Journal of TROPICAL BIOLOGY & CONSERVATION A journal of the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Editor-in-chief Dr. Abdul Hamid Ahmad (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Managing Editor Dr. Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Editorial Assistant Julia George Kunai (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Editorial Board Dr. Henry Bernard (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Dr. Holger Thus (Natural History Museum, London) Dr. Homathevi Rahman (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Dr. Menno Schilthuizen (Prof., Leiden University, the Netherlands) Dr. Mohd. Tajuddin Abdullah (Prof., Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia) Dr. Monica Suleiman (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Dr. Shigeki Matsunaga (Prof., the University of Tokyo, Japan) Reviewers Dr. Arthur Y.C. Chung Dr. Noor Haliza Hasan @ Ahmad (Forest Research Centre, Sabah, Malaysia) (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Dr. Bruce Prideaux Dr. Norazah Mohd Suki (Prof.,Central Queensland University, Australia) (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) Dr. Chua Tock Hing Dr. Paul Woodcock (Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) (University of Leeds, United Kingdom) Dr. Chye Fook Yee Dr. Rita Megia (Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) (Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, Indonesia) Dr. Faisal Ali Bin Anwarali Khan Dr. Ruth Kiew (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia) (Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia) Dr. Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim Dr. Steve Yanoviak (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) (Assoc. Prof., University of Louisville, USA) Dr. Freddy Yeo Kuok San Dr. Subarna Sivapalan (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia) (Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia) Dr. Henry Bernard Dr. Suhaila Ab. Hamid (Assoc. Prof., Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia) Dr. Ikki Matsuda Dr. Supornchai Chaireok (Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) (Prince of Songkla University, Thailand) Isham Azhar Dr. Tan Siong Kiat (University College Sabah Foundation, Malaysia) (The National University of Singapore, Singapore) Dr. Kenneth A. Hayes Dr. Tan Yee Shin (Howard University, United States of America) (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia) Dr. Lum Ayeoffe Fontem Dr. Thilahgavani Nagappan (Assoc. Prof., University of Buea, Cameroon) (Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia) Dr. Martin Pfeiffer Dr. Peter Hovenkamp (University of Bayreuth, Germany) (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands) Dr. Mohamad Hasnul Bolhassan Dr. Wawan Sujarwo (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia) (The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia) Dr. Ng Ting Hui Dr. Yasuyuki Tachiki (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) Language Editor Jaswinder Kaur Cover image: Pleurotus djamor var. roseus (Photo credit: Foo She Fui) ©Universiti Malaysia Sabah 2018 Date of issue: 2018-10-15 Contents Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 15 (2018) PLB Regeneration of Paphiopedilum rothschildianum using Callus and Liquid Culture System. Makdi Masnoddin, Rimi Repin, Zaleha Abd. Aziz...........................1-14 The Ethnobotanical Survey of Clove, Pepper, and Nutmeg and Their Utilization by Chinese and Indonesian People. Vera Budi Lestari Sihotang, Guang Yang, Xiulian Chi, Luqi Huang……………………………………………………………………………………………………………15-27 The Role of Wildlife-viewing Activity at Tabin Wildlife Reserve. Robert Francis Peters, Lim E Min…………………………………………………………………………………………………29-41 Invasive Apple Snails in Wetlands of Selangor, Malaysia: Species, Distribution, and Ecological Associations. Melanie Ji Cheng Phoong, Huai En Hah, Suganiya Rama Rao, Yoon Yen Yow, Shyamala Ratnayeke……………………………………………………………………43-60 Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Breadfruit (A. altilis): Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Commercial Uses and Perspectives for Human Nourishment. Reza Raihandhany, Adhityo Wicaksono, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva…………………………61-80 Mosquito Diversity between Logged and Unlogged Forest Areas in Kalabakan Forest Reserve, Sabah. Mohammad Imran bin Ebrahim, Mahadimenakbar Mohamed Dawood…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………81-95 Codonoboea kjellbergii (Gesneriaceae) in Buru Island, Maluku: a New Genus Record for the Island. Wendy Achmmad Mustaqim……………………………………………………...97-100 Genetic Variability and Relationship of Banana Cultivars (Musa L.) From East Java, Indonesia based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region nrDNA Sequences. Lia Hapsari, Rodiyati Azrianingsih, Estri Laras Arumingtyas………………………………101-120 Assemblage Structure of Palaeotropical Frugivorous Bats at Mineral Licks Sites in Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest Reserve, Sabah. Lawrence Alan Bansa, Abdul Hamid Ahmad, Hisashi Matsubayashi………………………………………………………………121-137 Selectively Logging Old Growth Rain Forest Twice Changes Canopy Ant Species Composition, While Conversion to Oil Palm Changes Composition and Reduces Species Richness and Diversity. Amelia J. Philip, Tom M. Fayle, Kalsum M. Yusah……139-154 Notes on Congregating Fireflies (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) of Binsulok River, Sabah. Mahadimenakbar M. Dawood, Siti Rozziana Jeperi, Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim, Awangku Hassanal Bahar Pengiran Bagul………………………………………………………155-162 A Checklist of Bats at Ulu Senagang, Keningau, Sabah. Cheristina Punga Salor, Isham Azhar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….163-171 An Inventory of Flora in Urban Forests of Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus, Sabah, Malaysia. Luiza Majuakim, Angelina Lee Mei Ling, Johnny Gisil……………………173-188 Seagrass Meadow Impacts on Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Beach, Kota Kinabalu Sabah (Malaysia). Azureen Murshidi, Yap Tzuen Kiat, John Barry Gallagher, Ejria Saleh……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....189-201 Distribution and Ethnomycological Knowledge of Wild Edible Mushrooms in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia. Foo She Fui, Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim, Julius Kulip, Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan………………………………………………………………………………………203–222 Aquatic Insects and Water Quality Study at Kimanis River, Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Chaw Vi Vian, Sahana Harun, Kueh Boon Hee, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Arman Hadi Fikri………………………………………………………………………………223-245 Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 15: 1–14, 2018 ISSN 1823-3902 E-ISSN 2550-1909 Research Article PLB Regeneration of Paphiopedilum rothschildianum using Callus and Liquid Culture System Makdi Masnoddin1*, Rimi Repin2, Zaleha Abd. Aziz3 1Preparatory Centre for Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 2Sabah Park, P.O. Box 10626, 88806 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia 3Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This research was conducted to rapidly propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum using semi-solid and liquid culture systems. Calli were induced from seed, leaf segments (LS), seed-derived protocorms (SDP) and secondary protocorms (SP) cultured on half-strength semi-solid MS media supplemented with 0-22.6 µM 2,4- dichlorophenoacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.54 µM 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)- urea (TDZ). Regeneration of PLB from callus was optimized on semisolid medium and were evaluated in various concentrations and types of PGRs. PLB regeneration was further optimized using callus originating from a different induction medium, and cultured on different concentrations (0, 15 and 58 mM) of sucrose. For PLB regeneration using liquid culture system, 0.5 g callus were inoculated in a temporary immersion bioreactor system (RITA®) containing 150 ml liquid medium with immersion time of 5 minutes in every 125 minutes. SE, SDP and SP explants produced calli as early as 30 days with the percentages of explant forming callus at 77.0% ± 4.5, 94.4% ± 11.0, and 66.7% ± 14.4 respectively after 90 days of culture. The calli regenerated on medium supplimented with 2.27 µM TDZ and 12.0 µM BAP, but with very low percentage (15.0% ± 13.7 callus produced the average of 3 PLBs). PLB regeneration capacity increased to 37.5% ± 13.7 with the average of 5.9 PLBs for callus originating from an induction medium containing 4.54 µM TDZ, when a lower sucrose concentration (15 mM) was used in the regeneration medium. Callus proliferation using RITA® system showed an almost 2-fold increased in fresh weight and 168 PLBs per gram calli were regenerated. In contrast to semi-solid culture, the regeneration capacity in liquid culture system increased to 190 PLBs per gram calli when sucrose concentration in the medium was elevated from 15 mM to 58 mM. Keywords: Seed-derived protocorms, secondary protocorms, temporary immersion system, Temporary Immersion System (TIS), RITA® bioreactor system. Received 07 June 2016 Reviewed 08 November 2017 Accepted 21 December 2017 Published 15 October 2018 2 Masnoddin et al. Introduction Paphiopedilum rothschildianum is a rare slipper orchid species which is endemic to the area around Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Cribb, 1998). Being rare, this species has been classified as endangered and is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES; CITES Appendix 2008). According to Arditti & Ernst (1993), the propagation of this orchid species in the natural way takes several years due to