r.fittffothOnotituttof 1,ierhso1on andItMuraltlotarg. THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. PART I.—ITS PLACE IN HISTORY. BY CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S., Etc. Writing of the seventh and eighth centuries, the German doctor J. M. Lappenberg considered that none of the other English Kingdoms " excites the curiosity of the historical enquirer so much as that of East Anglia which, inhabited by Germans probably before -the time (449438)of (the purely eponymous) Hengest and Horsa, entirely surrounded by German- neighbours, in no contact with the Britons, must necessarily have presented a most faithful picture of Teutonic antiquity. Even at the present day in no other part of England do so many well preserved German names of places declare whOwere their ancient lords and founders. Many remarkable traditions, though hitherto not sufficientlyinvestigated and sifted for use as materials of history, are preserved relative to this district. Its position is particularly favourable to an intercourse with the Old-Saxons; and we may regard not only London in those remote times, but 168 THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. also the East Anglian ports Lynn, Yarmouth, .and Dunwich, as resorts for Frisic, Saxon and Gallic mariners and members of the several commercial guilds or hansen " (1845, pp. 241-3). Though the above legendary heroes are now known to represent nothing beyond the warlike prowess of the early Saxons of England, the many remarkable facts of their period still remain to a large extent unexplored by Suffolk historical inquirers. Among the most fascinating of these is the Domesday assertion that so late as the year 1065 " one sea port " existed within the limits of Frostenden village. An elementary knowledge of Suffolk etonomic conditions during the previous six hundred years froin " the time of Hengest " and of the coast geology is sufficient to conVince one that any such 'seaport must have been upon the decline of its utility at the end of the Danish re-gime in England. .Asthe estuaties silted up and the water- level gradually dropped such a seaport, navigable in 450 would doubtless be left high and dry in 1065, when it. must be utterly abandoned or replaced by another nearer the coast. After .a somewhat spasmodic in- vestigation, through five years, this line of reasoning has at length proved to be correct and has borne ample fruit. Frostenden does not, and so far as our annals show; never did, touch the coast. Hence this seaport was not by the sea, but upon the banks of the river running there at Easton Broad from Frostenden Hall or the valley just east of it. The first question to be solved - was as to the height at which this river was navigable in, say, the year 700. Reydon Smear is a southern arm, which seems to have former1i expanded into a small Broad ; Major Cooper.tells me that a deed of . about 1200refers to Reydon Church as solely " Rismere St. Margaret." This is obviously the AS risc, and gives THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. 169 us another Rushmere place-name in Suffolk: " Smeer, a contraction of le Rissmere," says Gardner at p. 254, who nowhere suggests a quay upon this estuary. Another arm of the river ran dowil a valley nearly from The Elm Farm in Reydon, and pretty surely gave rise to the original site of the farm. There is an elevated artificial causeway from the road to Reydon Grove Farm, across a pasture which was once the bed of another affluent, coming from the west. The hamlet known as CoveBottom on the east bank is remarkable only for the acute angle the river made round the foot of the bold bluff, locally known as Yarn Hill ; no quay could have been here, because the gravel rises quite gradually upon both si&s. A slight valley from Kiln Farm carries an often dry brook, crossed by a narrow causeway in the brick field. Cove Run is another causeway, seventy paces broad, and still liable to winter floodsas a hand-bridge shows ; -over it passed the Long Row seu, Brampton Street from Covehithe which has been suggested by Dutt in 1909at p. 105to be a Roman Road to Stone Street. Frostenden Bottom is a similar causeway of the same breadth, though with no emergency.bridge since the stream's volume is considerably reduced by the emission of the arm running down from Wrentham. The site of Frostenden Church at the rise of the southern arm leads one to expect that the earliest quay - would have been nearer it than to Frostenden Corner ; and, immediately south of the road thence to Wrentham .and north of the remaining wood, is still a somewhat abrupt and hummocky acclivity from the stream, which has here been diverted to the west of its original -course,yet traceable through the marshy pasture by depression. This acclivity I considered in 1921, and still consider, the only possible site of an early Saxon quay ; quite .possibly excavation would show it to have served such a purpose. Further up the banks rise so closely that, even given volume which this 170 THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. very fact forbids,insufficientspacewouldexist, either fromthe Hall or fromthe brooknorth of it, for boats to passin 700. However,it is'perfectlyclearthat this Quay, well inside Frostenden village and in view of its Church,must fromits veryphysiographicalposition have been silted up long before 1065; and there yet remained to fix the site to which it had then been removed. Domesdaydefinitelyrelates this to be still in active use and'a goingconcernnot only beforebut after the Conquestin 1086: " Then as now one sea- port." By that time it must have been a:good deal nearer the coast ; and the peculiarlynumerousrami- ficationsof now well-nigh deserted bye-laneson the stream's west bank, combinedwith the natural set of the tide round the promontoryof YariiHill* (whereon suchmaritimeplants as Erodium cicutarium, and such maritime insects as Hypera Fasciculata, still freely occur and illustrate the saline conditions formerly prevalent here), induced me to. search close to the existing west bank brickworksfor the quay. And, though not here, it is perfectly within view hence across the stream ; and I believethat all porterage to and from the quay was carried on from this west bank, since the.east rises abruptly, was likely timber to a late date, and has no road within a quarter - mile,. nor does there appear ever to have been such, east-. ward over the brow of the hill or north and south. alongside the stream. Nothingofthe now discovered Quay or its protecting- Fort is noticed upon the 25-inch.Ordnance Map of 1904, E. Suffolk, sheet xxix., 5 ; and Suckliug's remarksplainlyindicatethat, thoughhe madean acute: guessat the site, he knewnothing of it from tradition. or from personal observation. *NoTE.—I suggest that Yarn Hill was earlier called Gunhildes-hoh, from some long-forgotten Danish Lady Gunhild, which is not a Saxon name ; and that from it took title the Manor of " Gunnildshawe " in South Cove,. wherein this hill stands. THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. AgeUN. COYC Par c•S E.R.C. 1924. A. Bed of old River, now Frostenden Bottom. B. Dock and Waterway leading to Fort. C. Suggested Site of Quay. D. Ditch round Fort. E. Danish Earthwork now called the Mound. F. Approach to Mound, probably modern. G. Present River. 172 THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. The first recorded owner here was Toret, as Domes- day spells the name, leaving one at liberty to suppose him the Danish Thuri or the Saxon Thored ; he was very likely the father of Sheriff Northman of Walton, but all his possessions in Reydon and Frostenden, - the whole whereof he owned along with mubh of South Cove,which last fact accounts, I think, for our Seaport being on the South Cove side of the river, passe'dto the conquering Baignards in 1075. ..Ralph enfeoffed his nephew William Baignard of this manor ; but after their 1110 outlawry the Crown granted it to Robert FitzRichard of Clare, whence it came through his descendant Walter FitzRobert at the end of the thirteenth century to the FitzWalters of Clare. Their local lords here were Gilbert de Frostenden in 1267 (Chart. Rolls, 51 Hen. III.) and Alice de Frostenden, who held two knights' fees of the above FitzRobert about 1240 (Testa Nevill 290). It has been somewhat vaguely said that " although Frostenden was a portus mafis at the Domesday epoch, it cannot have con- tinued so for long afterwards " (E. Angl. N. & O., 1894, p. 230) ; but I suspect that all these lords to at least 1300 profited by the harbour. The great and outstanding feature of the dikovery is that we here possess the very first Earthwork of pre-Norman times that has ever yet been definitely dated in Suffolk. PART II.—THE DANISH QUAYDISCOVERED. BY MAJORERNESTR. COOPER. Suckling states at p. 317 that in the Conqueror's Survey it is recorded that " Froxenden " possessed a seaport for shipping (portus maris), and had a salt- work or salina ; save for this brief reference in his THE SEA PORT OF FROSTENDEN. 173 History of Suffolk,Volume II., 1847,I find no mention of Frostenden as a Seaport and it disappears from our County History as a port for some 800 years. Following previous discussions upon this subject, Mr. Claude Morley and myself set forth on July 24th, 1924; like Cobbett or Defoe, on a rural ramble and soon -came upon Potters Bridge, where in early ages the North sea tide-swept in fathoms deep and in later times the potter fashioned rude pottery from brick- earth lying on either side of the valley (compare Potter Heigham in Norfolk, where is also a bridge crossing a now sluggish stream, with traditions of pottery works.) Looking to starboard we saw the white edged breakers spending themselves on the narrow shingle belt which protects Easton Broad from the sea while on the Port hand, which terms come naturally for we felt like mariners seeking a harbour, the still fenny and waterlogged valley ran inland towards Frostenden and Wrentham, here concealed from view by a projecting bluff, called the rough or Yarn Hill.