Rust Diseases of Willow and Poplar We dedicate this book to our children Michael and Jeffrey, Sarah and Philippa Rust Diseases of Willow and Poplar Edited by Ming Hao Pei Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK and Alistair R. McCracken Applied Plant Science Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, UK CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rust diseases of willow and poplar / edited by Ming Hao Pei & Alistair R. McCracken. p. cm. ISBN 0-85199-999-9 (alk. paper) 1. Willows--Diseases and pests. 2. Poplar--Diseases and pests. 3. Rust diseases. I. Pei, Ming Hao. II. McCracken, Alistair R. III. Title. SB608.W65R87 2005 634.9′7236--dc22 2004018883 ISBN 0 85199 999 9 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors ix Preface xi Abbreviations xv Part I: Taxonomy and Overview of Rusts 1. Phylogenetic Position of Melampsora in Rust Fungi Inferred from Ribosomal DNA Sequences 1 Ming Hao Pei, Carlos Bayon and Carmen Ruiz 2. A Brief Review of Melampsora Rusts on Salix 11 Ming Hao Pei 3. The Species of Melampsora on Salix (Salicaceae) 29 Gaddam Bagyanarayana 4. A Brief Summary of Melampsora Species on Populus 51 Ming Hao Pei and Yan Zhong Shang Part 2: Occurrence and Population Biology of Melampsora 5. Variability and Population Biology of Melampsora Rusts on Poplars 63 Pascal Frey, Pierre Gérard, Nicolas Feau, Claude Husson and Jean Pinon 6. Genetic Diversity of Melampsora Willow Rusts in Germany 73 Mirko Liesebach and Irmtraut Zaspel 7. Genetic Structure of Melampsora larici-epitea Populations in North-western Europe 91 Berit Samils 8. Current Taxonomic Status of Melampsora Species on Poplars in China 99 Cheng-Ming Tian and Makoto Kakishima v vi Contents 9. Current Status of Poplar Leaf Rust in India 113 R.C. Sharma, S. Sharma and K.R. Sharma 10. Melampsora Willow Rust in Chile and Northern Europe: Part of a Metapopulation? 119 Mauritz Ramstedt and Sergio Hurtado Part 3: Rust Resistance and Infection Process 11. Disease Scoring by Taking Inoculum Densities into Consideration in Leaf Disc Inoculations with Poplar and Willow Rusts 131 Ming Hao Pei and Tom Hunter 12. Interactions Between Poplar Clones and Melampsora Populations and their Implications for Breeding for Durable Resistance 139 Jean Pinon and Pascal Frey 13. Transgenic Hybrid Aspen with Altered Defensive Chemistry: a Model System to Study the Chemical Basis of Resistance? 155 Johanna Witzell, Marlene Karlsson, Marisa Rodriguez-Buey, Mikaela Torp and Gunnar Wingsle 14. Basidiospore-derived Penetration by Species of Cronartium and Melampsora: an Outline 161 Alessandro Ragazzi, Nicola Longo, Biancamaria Naldini, Salvatore Moricca and Irene Dellavalle Part 4: Rust Management 15. Host Diversity, Epidemic Progression and Pathogen Evolution 175 Chris C. Mundt 16. Short-rotation Coppice Willow Mixtures and Rust Disease Development 185 Alistair R. McCracken, W. Malcolm Dawson and Diane Carlisle 17. Short-rotation Coppice Willow Mixtures and Yield 195 W. Malcolm Dawson, Alistair R. McCracken and Diane Carlisle 18. Effect of Preventative Fungicide Sprays on Melampsora Rust of Poplar in the Nursery 209 R.C. Sharma, S. Sharma and A.K. Gupta Part 5: Rust Mycoparasites and their Potential for Biological Control 19. Biocontrol of Rust Fungi by Cladosporium tenuissimum 213 Salvatore Moricca, Alessandro Ragazzi and Gemma Assante 20. Biology and Genetic Diversity of the Rust Hyperparasite Sphaerellopsis filum in Central Europe 231 Mirko Liesebach and Irmtraut Zaspel Contents vii 21. Mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis filum and its Potential for Biological Control of Willow Rust 243 Ming Hao Pei and Zhiwen W. Yuan Index 255 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Gemma Assante, Istituto di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy Gaddam Bagyanarayana, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007 (A.P), India Carlos Bayon, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Diane Carlisle, Department of Applied Plant Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK Irene Dellavalle, CNR, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Area della Ricerca del CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 – Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy Malcolm Dawson, Applied Plant Science Division, Northern Ireland Horticulture and Plant Breeding Station, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Loughgall, Co. Armagh, BT61 8JB, UK Nicolas Feau, Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy (QC), G1K 7P4, Canada Pascal Frey, UR Pathologie Forestière, INRA, F-54280 Champenoux, France Pierre Gérard, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR ENGREF-UPXI- CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France A.K. Gupta, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan – 173 230 Himachal Pradesh, India Claude Husson, UR Pathologie Forestière, INRA, F-54280 Champenoux, France Tom Hunter, 4 Wally Court Road, Chew Stoke, Bristol BS40 8XL, UK Sergio Hurtado, Plant Pathology and Biocontrol Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7035, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Marlene Karlsson, Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Makoto Kakishima, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Mirko Liesebach, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Department of Forest Genetics, Hauptstrasse 7, A-1140 Vienna, Austria Nicola Longo, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy Alistair McCracken, Applied Plant Science Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK Salvatore Moricca, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy ix x Contributors Chris C. Mundt, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA Biancamaria Naldini, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy Ming Hao Pei, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Jean Pinon, UR Pathologie Forestière, INRA, F-54280 Champenoux, France Alessandro Ragazzi, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy Mauritz Ramstedt, Plant Pathology and Biocontrol Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7035, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Marisa Rodriguez-Buey, Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Carmen Ruiz, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Berit Samils, Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Yan Zhong Shang, College of Forestry, Inner Mogolia Agricultural University, Huhehot, China K.R. Sharma, Department of Forest Products, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan – 173 230 Himachal Pradesh, India R.C. Sharma, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan – 173 230 Himachal Pradesh, India S. Sharma, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan – 173 230 Himachal Pradesh, India Cheng-Ming Tian, College of Resource and Environment, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua Eastern Road, Beijing 100083, China Mikaela Torp, Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Gunnar Wingsle, Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Johanna Witzell, Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Zhiwen W. Yuan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Academia Sinica, PO Box 417, Shenyang, China Irmtraut Zaspel, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Eberswalder Chaussee 3A, D-15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany Preface The plant family Salicaceae comprises two major genera, willow (Salix) and poplar (Populus). Some 300–500 species, according to different authorities, are recognized in Salix and 30–100 species in Populus. Willows and poplars are among the most common woody plants in the northern hemisphere and, through centuries of human intervention, they have been widely planted