Timeline / Before 1800 to 1880 / MUSIC, LITERATURE, DANCE AND FASHION Date Country Theme 1769 - 1785 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) in literature (i.e. the works of Goethe, Schiller, Hölderlin and Herder) is characterised by lyricism, fantasy, freedom, juvenility and idealism, which is felt most keenly in the dramatic writing of the period. 1786 United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Scotland’s most famous poet Robert Burns (b. Alloway, Scotland 1759; d. Dumfries, Scotland 1796) is set to immigrate to the West Indies when a collection of his poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect, is published in the county town of Kilmarnock in 1786. The publication launches Burns’ career. 1786 - 1832 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Classical era in literature (i.e. the work of Goethe, Schiller, Wieland and Herder) is characterised by a will to preserve beauty, maintain goodness in order to gain harmony, and sees nature as an entity. The centre for this movement in literature is the city of Weimar. About 1790 - About 1850 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Romantic movement develops at the beginning of the 19th century under the influence of writers such as François-René de Chateaubriand. The movement, inspired by imagination, individualism, a taste for the outrageous, and exoticism, is marked by the poetry of Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor Hugo and then extends to the theatre with Hugo’s masterpiece Battle of Hernani, and then to literature. Hugo was the uncontested leader of this literary movement. Music and dance were both influenced by Romanticism; in choreography and in costume design (the tutu and points) the feminine was accentuated. Around 1800 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion "Disire for the orient" arises because of the breakovers around 1800, as the Enlightenment already had changed peoples life to a more rationalistic way of thinking and the scientification of the public. Also the sumless wars, especially the Napoleonic Wars, produced nostalgia and desire for the distance, the unknown, the paradise... Authors and philosophers from the era of romanticism bothered this topics (e.g. Friedrich Schlegel) and they tried to escape into something magical- the orient seemed to be a imaginary world. 1795 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Romanticism or Blaue Blume in literature (i.e. the works of Tieck, von Kleist, Hebel, Hoffmann, the Brothers Grimm and von Eichendorff) is characterised by the desire for far-away places, and imbued with irony, passion, nocturnal mystery and mythical creatures. 1809 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), philosopher, scholar and one of the greatest Italian poets of all times, writes his first poem. 1810 - 1862 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) One of the most prominent Macedonian poets, folklorists and educators, Dimitar Miladinov(1810–62) is born in Struga. He spends most of his life teaching in the Ohrid region. His greatest achievement is the collection of folk songs between 1854 and 1860. 1814 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The first book in Macedonian, History of the Frightening and Second Communion of Jesus, written by Joakim Krchovski (c.1750–1820) is published in Budim. Krchovski was a herald of the Macedonian cultural revival and went on to publish more books on religious matters. In the early 19th century in Macedonia only priests and other Christian dignitaries were educated enough to enlighten Macedonian people through literature in their mother tongue. 1815 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Biedermeier era in literature (i.e. works by Mörike and von Droste-Hülshoff) is characterised by melancholia, a desire to escape to an idyll and to recapture religion and the homeland. 1816 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The book titled Mirror by Kiril Pejchinovic (1771–1845) is published in Budim. This great Macedonian educator was born in Tearce near Tetovo. The first books in Macedonian published in the early 19th century were on religious subjects, which was understandable given that they were written by people of the Church. 1816 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Gioachino Rossini (1795–1868), the young director of the San Carlo Theatre of Naples, the most important opera house at the time, puts on stage in Rome the Barber of Seville. The opera, thanks to its easy and passionate pacing, sets a new benchmark for the light operatic style, namely, the opera buffa (comic opera). 1820s United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion British interest in classical Arabic culture including literature sometimes originates in India where the first printed Arabic version of One Thousand and One Nights is published. 1820 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Les Méditations Poétiques by the Romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine. 1825 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Johann Strauss creates his Wiener Walzer Kapelle, an orchestra specialising in the Viennese Waltz. 1825 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The poets Alexandros and Panayotis Soutsos compile their first works, and introduce European Romanticism to a newly liberated Greece. 1825 - 1827 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873) publishes I promessi sposi (The Betrothed), one of the most widely read Italian novels. His use of the Italian language stands out as a model. 1825 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion This era, one marked by the politician and statesman Klemens von Metternich, a supporter of restoration politics and conditions prior to the French Revolution, is satirised by the Junges Deutschland, a movement in literature (i.e. the works of Büchner, Heine and Grabbe) that is characterised by a rejection of these beliefs in support of a free press and freedom of expression. 1827 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Franz Schubert composes his Winterreise. 1828 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The poem Hymn to Liberty by Dionysios Solomos becomes the Greek National Anthem with music composed by Nikolaos Mantzaros. 1829 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Gioachino Rossini puts on stage in Paris his last opera, Guillaume Tell, featuring the fight of the Swiss people for freedom from Habsburg domination. He wrote 39 operas, characterised by a style aiming at pure musical beauty (bel canto). Great attention is paid to the sound of the voice and to technical virtuosity, with little emphasis on the different dramatic situations and to the personality of the different characters. 1830 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Battle of Hernani, a drama by Victor Hugo. 1831 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion 11 November: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish, Takvim-I Vekayi, published by the state. 1831 - 1835 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Once Rossini has left the stage, his place is taken by Gaetano Donizetti (1797– 1848) and Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835). They introduce the new romantic spirit Date Country Theme into melodrama and establish a tighter link between words and music. Their style is characterised by greater attention to the psychology of the different characters. 1831 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion George Sand (Amantine Aurore Dupin) writes Indiana, a novel about a woman’s emotional journey. 1832 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion La Sylphide is a Romantic ballet by Fillippo Taglioni in which his daughter, Marie, danced en pointe in the title role. 1832 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra, a collection of essays, verbal sketches and stories that Irving began to write while he was staying in the Alhambra in Granada. The book is influenced by Romanticism and includes Spanish legends and traditions. 1833 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The death of Luísa Todi (b. 1753), the most celebrated mezzo-soprano opera singer in Portugal. Luísa began her musical career when she was 14 years old. She performed in major European cities and was invited to perform in the courts of Catherine of Russia and Frederick William of Prussia. 1834 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The birth in Ohrid of Kuzman Shapkarev (1834–1909), eminent Macedonian folklorist, ethnographer, educator and author of textbooks. Owing to his collecting activities a great deal of Macedonian intangible heritage was spared from oblivion. He was a teacher in Ohrid, Bitola, Prilep and Kukush. Later he worked and lived in Sofia. Although his collections of oral folk literature were published as Bulgarian, most of his works originated from Macedonia. 1835 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The premiere of Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas marks the beginnings of Spanish Romanticism in the theatre, especially tragedy, further developed in Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla. All the Romantic plays have elements from poetry and novels and some have a historical background. 1835 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Le Père Goriot by Honoré de Balzac tells the tragic story of a father’s love for his two daughters. 1840 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion 3 July: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish published by a private individual, Cerîde-I Havâdis (Journal of News), begins to appear in #stanbul as a weekly, published by an English journalist, William Churchill. Date Country Theme 1840 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Top hats begin to be worn in the United Principalities, where they were called joben, from the name of Jobin, the French merchant who first sold them in Bucharest. 1840s United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Western classical music penetrates the courtly circles of the Ottoman Empire. The imperial Ottoman family includes composers, such as Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz who composes dance music.