AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY REVISION Paper 2: Challenges in the Human Environment (1hr 30mins) Urban issues and challenges The changing economic world The challenge of resource management. Energy in the UK Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges Personalised Learning Checklist Spec Key Idea Theme Red Amber Green 1. The Urban World A growing An increasingly urban world – what is urbanisation? percentage of the Distribution of the world’s urban population. world’s population The emergence of megacities – where are they lives in urban located? Lagos case study – location, how and why it has grown, land use in Lagos. Urban growth creates Social challenges in Lagos opportunities and Economic challenges in Lagos challenges for cites in lower income Improving Lagos’ environment countries and newly Managing the growth of squatter settlements emerging economies Planning for Lagos’ urban poor Challenges of providing clean water, sanitation, energy, health and education. Managing environmental issues such as waste disposal 2. Urban Change in the UK Where do people live in the UK? Major cities location and population. Distribution of the population. Urban change in cities Liverpool – location and history – the growth of in the UK leads to a Liverpool. variety of social, To understand the impacts of national and economic and international migration on the growth and character environmental of Liverpool. opportunities and How can urban change create social opportunities? challenges – cultural, leisure and recreation. How can urban change affect the environment? How can urban change create economic opportunities? To understand how urban change has created challenges socially and economically through urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment. Environmental challenges in Liverpool. Creating a cleaner, greener environment in Liverpool. Social inequality in Liverpool. To explain the impact of urban sprawl on the rural- urban fringe of Liverpool and the growth of commuter settlements. To know an example of an urban regeneration project to show the reasons why the area needed regeneration and the main features of the project – Eldonian Village 3. Sustainable Urban Development Urban sustainability Planning for urban sustainability – ways to be requires management sustainable – water, energy and waste. of resources and Sustainable living in Malmo, Sweden transport Sustainable traffic management strategies Section A - Urban issues and challenges A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas. The global pattern of urban change. Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas. It is happening in countries all over the world, with more than 50% of the world’s population currently living in urban areas (3.9 billion) and it is increasing every day. The rate of urbanisation differs between countries that are richer and those that are poorer. Towns and cities grew rapidly in the developed world (HICs) during the industrial revolution. In the UK this was in the 18th and 19th Century (late 1700’s in the 1800’s). This was because a lot of the work that had been done on farms by people was getting replaced by machinery, e.g. tractors and combine harvesters, so many became unemployed. Along with this manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. As the jobs in the rural areas declined many migrated to the cities in search of jobs in the factories and mills which were opening. Urban trends in different parts of the world including HICs and LICs. In 2006 the United Nations announced that 3.26 billion people lived in rural areas (countryside) and 3.26 billion people lived LIC in urban areas (towns and cities). In 2016, an estimated 54.5% HIC of the world’s population lived in urban settlements. By 2030, urban areas are projected to house 60%. HIC’s have very slow rates of urban growth, and many people desiring a better quality of life are moving away from overcrowded cities to rural areas (counter-urbanisation). Good transport and communication networks mean that people in HIC’s can live in rural areas and commute to cities or work from home. NEE’s are those where economic development is increasing rapidly e.g. Brazil, China, Russia and India. The percentage of population living in urban areas varies. Some NEE’s such as Thailand, Nigeria and China are experiencing rapid urban growth. LIC’s e.g. Ethiopia, Nepal and Afghanistan. Not many of the population in LIC’s currently live in urban areas. In general the fastest rates of urbanisation in the world are in LIC’s. Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation – migration (push–pull theory), natural increase. The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas is occurring due to rural to urban migration (where people are leaving the countryside to live in the towns and cities) and natural increase (when birth rate is higher than the death rate) Usually it is the younger people who leave the rural areas to find work in the urban areas. They may then chose to have babies causing a higher birth rate. Rural to urban migration is due to both push and pull factors. Few services Access to services Lack of job opportunities Better job opportunities Unhappy life More entertainment Poor transport links Better transport links Natural disasters Improved living conditions Wars Hope for a better life Shortage of food. Family ties The emergence of megacities. High rates of urbanisation is leading to the growth of megacities. A megacity is a city with over 10 million people living there. There are approximately 34 megacities, two-thirds of which are located in NEEs and LICs. There is a high number of megacities in Asia Urban growth creates opportunities and challenges for cities in LICs and NEEs. A case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate; the location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally Lagos on Nigeria - Nigeria is a country in West Africa and borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria and lies to the southwest of the country on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. At the beginning of the C15th Lagos was a small fishing village. In 1472 Portuguese settlers gave the city the name Lagos (which means lakes in Portuguese). By the C20th the British ruled over Nigeria and made Lagos the capital of Nigeria. Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960 and only in 1991 did the Nigerian government move the capital to Abuja. Despite Lagos no longer being the capital city it is still extremely important to the country and is the centre of trade and commerce. 80% of Nigeria's industry is based in Lagos and it is the financial centre of West Africa. There is also a major international airport and busy sea port. Lagos is Africa’s biggest city with an estimated 18 million (whilst some believe it is closer to 21 million). It is one of the world’s fastest growing mega cities (600,000 people per a year) and is Africa’s leading city in terms of economy. Lagos contributes to 30% of Nigeria’s GNI. With GDP in 2014 estimated at $90 billion, Lagos’ economy stands as the 7th largest in Africa- bigger than Kenya, one of the continent’s most promising economies. Today, Lagos has emerged as a major centre for the headquarters of many national and global companies. Lagos is not only becoming a “megacity” in terms of population but it is a global city with a substantial and growing foreign-born population and non-stop flights to hundreds of destinations around the world. Lagos’s population grew during the 1970s when oil was discovered in the Niger Delta and attracted thousands of people in to the city to work. There is also a high rate of natural increase due to the city’s youthful population since most migrants are to the city are young. Another major factor is rural to urban migration due to a number of push factors encouraging rural dwellers to leave the countryside areas. Education and health services are poor in rural areas. Droughts and floods occur more often which damages the crops. Farmers get low wages for a lot of hard work. Few job opportunities other than farming. Land is degraded by oil pollution. The Boko Haram terrorist group creates insecurity. Lagos: How urban growth has created opportunities. To many the thought of living in the city of Lagos (Nigeria) would fill them with dread, yet despite the problems of congestion, high crime rates, shortage of electricity and a sewerage system that hardly works, the city is attracting 600,000 new residents annually. To many Nigerians, Lagos offers plenty of economic opportunities and social opportunities. Education - There are more schools and universities in Lagos than in the rural areas, which attracts migrants with families to the city. It is estimated that 68% of the population of Lagos have secondary education whereas in rural areas 40% of children don’t even attend primary school! If you are educated you are more likely to find work in Lagos in one it’s growing industries like finance, film or fashion. This will then help the city prosper as its residents become richer. Health care - Healthcare in Lagos may well be costly to many, however at least it is available unlike in many rural areas. Recently charities have set up floating healthcare centres on the lagoon in the slums of Makoko which offer primary care, reproductive and maternity care for free. If the patients are too poorly to treat they are moved to one of the cities many hospitals. Water supply - Only the wealthiest homes have piped water supply to their homes (approximately 10%).